1. Nursing Education
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2. A Nurse is a Nurse is a Nurse !!!

3. Pathways to nursing education
Other professions have one pathway of educational preparation
Nursing has 3 pathways that lead to licensure and professional status!
Diploma programs
Associate degree programs
Baccalaureate programs

4. Diploma Programs Hospital based Apprenticeship programs
Usually 24 months to 3 years in duration
Were the first nursing programs to emerge
Florence Nightingale – St. Thomas Hospital, London, 1860
Famous trio here in the United States
Bellevue Hospital, NY
New England Hospital for Women and Children, New Haven, Conn.
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA

5. Decline in Diploma Programs
Growth of AND and BSN programs
Inability of hospitals to finance nursing education
Accreditation standards
Increasing complexity of health care
Students earn no college credit, but may have gateway course into an ADN program
One diploma program remaining in LA
Baton Rouge General

6. Associate Degree Nursing
Developed in 1952 to help alleviate the nursing shortage, especially experienced with WWII
Mildred Montag – founder of Associate Degree Nursing Education
Primarily housed in community colleges
Usually 2 years in length (minimum of 60 college credits)
NOADN
ADN Professional Organization
8 ADN programs in Louisiana

7. Baccalaureate Nursing Programs
1909 – University of Minnesota
Followed the three year diploma model
1919 – 7 additional BSN programs
Most were 5 years
2 years liberal arts, 3 years nursing
1924 – Yale School of Nursing
First nursing school established as a separate university department with an independent budget and its own dean
Current Basic Program
4 years (minimum 120 college credits
Combines general education courses and nursing courses

8. Influences on the Growth of Baccalaureate Education
The Brown Report
ANA Position Paper
The Lysaught Report
The NLN Position Statement
The PEW Commission Report

9. The Brown Report Nursing for the Future – 1948
Report prepared for the National Nursing Council
Recommended that basic school of nursing be in universities and colleges and that efforts be made to recruit men and minorities into the programs

10. ANA Position Paper
1965 – Educational Preparation for Nurse Practitioners and Assistants to Nursing
Concluded that the BSN should be the foundation for nursing practice
Four Major Recommendations
Education for all those licensed to practice should take place in institutions of higher learning
Minimum preparation for beginning professional nursing practice should be the BSN
Minimum preparation for beginning technical nursing practice should be the ADN
Education for assistants in health service occupations should consist of short, intensive programs in vocational education programs rather than on the job training

11. ANA – Additional Position Statements, 1979
Proposed that by 1985 entry into practice should be the BSN level
By 1985, the minimum preparation for entry into professional nursing practice should be the BSN
Two levels of nursing practice should be identified
Professional
Technical
There should be an increased accessibility to high quality career mobility programs that use flexible approaches to individuals seeking academic degrees

12. The Lysaught Report AKA – An Abstract for Action
1981 – Conducted by the National Committee for the Study of Nursing and Nursing Education
Sponsored by the Kellogg Foundation
Recommended 2 licensures for nurses
One in acute care
One in distributive care

13. NLN Position Statement
1982 – The Position Statement on Nursing Roles
Reaffirmed the BSN as the minimum educational level for entry into practice for professional nursing, and the ADN as entry into practice for technical nursing

14. The PEW Commission Report
Major Recommendations
Change professional training to meet the demands of the new-health care system
Ensure that the health profession’s workforce reflects the diversity of the nation’s population
Require interdisciplinary competence in health professionals
Continue to move education into ambulatory practice
Encourage public service of health professionals, students, and graduates

15. Other Types of Nursing Programs
Articulated programs
LPN to RN
ADN to BSN
Diploma to ADN or BSN
ADN to MSN
Alternative programs
On-line programs
University of Phoenix
Regents
Licensed Practical Nurse (Vocational)
Licensed as an LVN or LPN
Work under the supervision of an RN providing basic, direct patient care

16. Accreditation Process for Nursing Education Programs
Accreditation – a review process of an educational program by an external professional accrediting organization
State Boards of Nursing
National League for Nursing – NLN
Commission of Collegiate Nursing Education - CCNE

17. Specialty Education Basic education prepares a nurse generalist
Learned specialty occurs in a hospital program after basic education
As nurses become more active, area of practice become more specialized
Certification Programs – offer certification in different nursing specialties
General requirements
Specific number of practice hours in specialty
Certification exam
Periodic recertification
Available through ANA, NCC, etc.

18. Continuing Education
Planned learning experiences beyond a basic nursing program
In Louisiana, mandatory continuing education is required to maintain licensure
5 CE’s – practicing fulltime
10 CE’s – practicing parttime
20 CE’s – not practicing
Varies by state
No CE requirements in MS
Higher yearly CE requirements in TX

19. Advanced Education
Master’s Degree
Doctoral Degree

20. Masters Degree
Study in one particular subject area to assume advanced roles in practice, education, administration and research

21. Master’s level history
1899 – Teacher’s College, New York City
Focused on administration and education
1940’s/1950’s – saw an increase
Return of nurses from military service with GI benefits
1946 – National Mental Health Act
Provided funds for psych/mental health nurses
1954 – Rutger’s University
First clinical master’s – Psych/mental health
Clinical Nurse Specialist
1965 – University of Colorado
First Nurse Practitioner Program - Pediatric
1970 – 70 programs
1996 – 321 programs
Current statistics (National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses, 2000)
MSN – 7.5%
Related field – 2%

22. Masters in Nursing Areas include: Nursing administration
Community health
Psychiatric/mental health
Adult health
Maternal/child nursing
Gerontology
Rehabilitation
Nursing education
Most require one year of practice experience. Takes from mos. to complete, many have 2 focuses, ie:
Education/Maternal-child nursing
Degrees awarded
MA, MN, MSN and MS
Can obtain more advanced areas of practice
CRNA, NP, CNS

23. Doctoral Education - History
1910 – Columbia Teacher’s College
EdD
Major – Nursing education
1934 – New York University
First PhD program for nurses
1996 – 66 programs

24. Doctoral Studies
Motivation for this degree stems from academic advancement or tenure in educational settings. Also includes those nurses interested in research and the development of a body of nursing knowledge
Various degrees
DNSc – Doctor of nursing science
DSN – Doctor of science in nursing
Only one available in LA
DNEd – Doctor of nursing education
PhD – Doctor of philosophy
Not available in nursing in LA
EdD – Doctor of education
Current statistics (National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses)
0.3% - Doctorate in nursing
0.3% - Doctorate in related field