1. 3D Cadastre – Dream or Reality?
Nick Land

2. Context

3. 20 Years

4. Cadastral Trends Security of tenure (ownership)
Support for land markets (value)
Sustainable development (use)
Rights and restrictions
Efficient & effective land administration
Extending the use & value of the cadastre

5. Why do we need a 3D cadastre?
Address the trends in cadastre
Urbanisation
Complexity of structures & related rights
On & above ground
Sub-surface

6. Not a new concept

7. No ‘true’ 3D cadastres exist
Register volumes in land (public) registers, but not included in cadastral map
Register only a subset of objects
Apartment blocks
Utilities
Register new constructions only
No widely accepted definition of 3D cadastre

8. Definition (FIG)
A 3D parcel is defined as the spatial unit against which (one or more) unique and homogeneous rights (e.g. ownership right or land use right), responsibilities or restrictions (RRRs) are associated to the whole entity
Homogeneous = the same combination of rights equally apply within the whole 3D spatial unit
Unique = the largest spatial unit for which this is true

9. How to Implement?
GIS Technology

10. GIS Functionality Continues to Improve
Mapping & Editing
Imagery
LiDAR
Mobile
Cloud
Apps
3-D
4-D & Real Time

11. ArcGIS is a 3D GIS
Collect
Manage
& Analyze
Visualise
Share
Visualize, manage, analyze and share your geospatial data in 3D
3D Analyst extends ArcGIS to be a fully functioning 3D GIS system – view, manage, analyze and share 3D GIS data.
It allows you to:
View huge volumes of 3D GIS data in a global view using ArcGlobe, or view site-level data in a local coordinate system using ArcScene
Manage 3D GIS data by editing features directly inside ArcGlobe or ArcScene, and add 3D components to 2D data through geoprocessing tools (create/store 3D data)
Analyze GIS data in three dimensions using geoprocessing tools, and use interactive tools (such as the 3D Measure tool) in a 3D view
Share 3D views of GIS data by publishing Globe Services (with links to live HTML content), and share 3D analytical tools through geoprocessing services. Or you can create high quality video animations and screen captures.

12. 3D Data types in the Geodatabase
Vector feature classes with X,Y,Z geometry
3D Points
3D Lines
3D Polygons
Elevation grid rasters (DTM/DEM)
Terrains (TIN, Point cloud, surface)
Mosaics of LAS LiDAR datasets
Multipatch (volumetric bodies)

13. Introducing Multipatch
A geodatabase feature type for 3D objects.
Collection of triangles, triangle strips, triangle fans, and rings
Stores texture image, colour, transparency, and lighting vector information within the geometry

14. Triangles & Rings Basic units are 3D triangles and 3D rings (polygons)

15. Triangle Strips & Fans Efficient storage of sets of triangles
Triangle Fans

16. Collections can be complex
A single composite multipatch can contain multiple patches of varying types

17. Textures can be applied
Two rings and one triangle strip
Different textures for roof, floor and walls

18. 3D Cadastre

19. Concepts of 3D Cadastre Full 3D cadastre 3D tagging Hybrid 3D Cadastre
4D Cadastre – Time as the fourth dimension
1. Full 3D cadastral registration, where all space is subdivided into volumes with associated measurements and legal definitions and maintained as such
2. A hybrid solution, where all the cadastral layouts are maintained in a 2D space with associated measurements and legal definitions and established relationships to 3D physical objects
3. 3D tagging, where all cadastral layouts are maintained in 2D with associated measurements and legal definitions and external references are made to the 3D data.

20. The hybrid solution – All in one database
Supports the identification of a land unit
Supports boundary definitions
Supports and maintains topological relationships
Allows maintenance in both 2D and 3D
Allows display of complex spatial relationships
Allows spatial analysis
Allows maintenance of other types of objects
2D 3D
Survey network
Data Maintenance
Identification
Spatial relationships
Boundary Definition
Spatial analysis
Spatial analysis
Data Maintenance
Identification

21. 3D Cadastre – Hybrid Solution
2D Parcels; 3D Objects
Legal & Physical Objects – Above & below ground

22. 3D Cadastre
Visualisation

23. 3D Cadastre
Spatial Analysis e.g for objective, market valuation

24. Esri’s 3D Urban Information Model
Simplifies the creation, maintenance and usage of 3D cities
Built Environment
Buildings & Building Interiors
Transport & Utility Networks
Installations
Trees
Legal Environment
3D Zoning
3D Land Ownership
Natural Environment
Land Cover
Atmosphere
Geology
Template for download
To be released in the fall of 2012

25. 2D to 3D: Data Collection
Photogrammetric data collection direct into ArcGIS

26. 2D to 3D: Add Heights to 2D Building Footprints
Point clouds from aerial LiDAR …
… and from new sources like oblique imagery stereomatching
LiDAR point cloud
Geoprocessing to extrude footprints
Best practice 3D workflows, example models and sample data, available at and at

27. 2D to 3D: Procedural modeling
3D model creation using rules / algorithms
Base geometry
Procedural rules
What is procedural modeling?
Procedural or grammar-based modeling starts with a base geometry or shape. The idea is to define rules that iteratively refine a design by creating more and more detail. Geometrically speaking, these shapes are simply polygons. They can be generated within the CityEngine or imported from external sources for example building lots or, footprints.
It this rule example, we have a start rule called lot which acts on the initial selected shape:
Extrude the lot by the height
Split the 3D extruded shape into components: sides and top
Create a gable roof for the top component using the roof rule
Split the side components using the façade rule
And so on
You can imagine that it is possible to create quite complex shapes using this method of iterative refinement, creating more and more detail
Base geometry
Iterative refinement
Final 3D model
iteratively refine a design by creating more and more detail

28. 3D models: CityEngine – WebScene

29. Analyze Maximum visible building height Skyline analysis 3D routing
City planners can analyze their 3D city model and determine impact of newly proposed projects on the city environment.
Analyze visibility. Not see (visualize) what is going to look like but analyze the visibility
- Calculate maximum building limits based on visibility restrictions
- Calculate buildable volumes based on visibility restrictions
- Analyze the effects of a new proposal on the city skyline.
- Analyze the shadow/glare effects of proposed buildings:
- solve 3D network / routing problems in complex buildings (petrochemical, nuclear industry) through 3D routing.
Security camera coverage
Volumetric Shadows
Volumetric Glare

30. Share WebGIS Post to ArcGIS.com Mobile 3D
Publish Virtual Cities as 3D services
KML
Post to ArcGIS.com
CityEngine Web Scenes
Share/present data and analysis results in 3D to get a better understanding of the problem/solution by the audience. 3D presentation are more easily understood by the public
Share 3D views of GIS data by publishing Globe Services to AGOL (with links to live HTML content), and share 3D analytical tools through geoprocessing services
Share video animations
Share high resolution screen capture
Create
screenshots
Mobile 3D
Export video animations

31. Extending use of Cadastre Urban planners / Emergency Response / Public safety
Rotterdam
City of Portland
Singapore
Masdar city
Brisbane
Philadelphia
Sydney
Pasadena

32. Other (non-technical) considerations
Legal
Institutional
Needs
Costs and benefits

33. Conclusions Today’s GIS technology allows us to:
Model the world in 3D
Collect, manage, edit, visualise, analyse & share 3D models
Hybrid 2D/3D Cadastre offers cost effective solution
The bigger questions are:
What are the ‘real’ needs?
Are the costs justified by the benefits?
What changes are required to the legislation?

34. For more information: FIG Com. 3 & 7 Working Group on 3D Cadastre
Nick Land:

36. Links – City Engine
The live CityEngine web scene in the browser of Esri HQ:
WebScene=9c0e319bfaff4d33a0fe2da97c2c3fd7
Downtown Redlands is at:
WebScene=69e86e856b d1d5de3101d8503
And if you go to ArcGIS.com and search for content as CityEngine Web Scene, there are several others.