1. Hali Richardson Scott Hamer Katie Brinson Oppositional Defiant Disorder

2. Canadian Teachers Top Three Concerns 1.Child and Youth Mental Health 2.Child and Youth Poverty 3.Safe and Caring Schools CBC News:http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/mental-illness-behavioural-issues-worry-teachers-school- counsellors-1.2956530

3. Presentation Outline O.D.D. Definition DSM Criteria Prevalence Theories of O.D.D. Evaluation & Diagnosis Treatment Classroom Management of O.D.D.

4. O.D.D. Definition “Physicians define O.D.D. as a pattern of disobedience, hostile, and defiant behavior directed toward authority figures.” Reference:: ODD: A guide for families by American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

5. DSM – IV Criteria The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders A pattern of negative, hostile, and defiant behavior lasting at least six months during which four or more of the following are present: -Often loses temper -Often argues with adults -Often actively defies or refuses to comply with adults’ requests or rules -Often deliberately annoys people -Often blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior -Is often touchy or easily annoyed by others -Is often angry and resentful -Is often spiteful and vindictive Reference:: American Psychiatric Association: http://www.psychiatry.org/practice/dsm

6. DSM – V Criteria The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Some refinements were made to the criteria: -The symptoms were categorized into three groups (angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness.) -Behaviors associated with the symptom will be closely monitored to make sure the frequency of the behavior is considered to be a disorder. -A severity rating has been added to reflect current research (mild, moderate, severe). Reference:: American Psychiatric Association: http://www.psychiatry.org/practice/dsm

8. Reference:: Oppositional Defiant Disorder by Benny Denise Oppositional Defiant DisorderConduct Disorder Disobedient towards authoritySevere opposition to authority Hostility shown through annoying people or verbal aggression Hostility shown through physical aggression Behaviours may or may not be seen at home, in school, or other settings Behaviour will be persistent in all settings Basic rights of others are not usually violatedBasic rights of others and age appropriate rules are often violated

9. Prevalence Reference:: : American Psychiatric Association: http://www.psychiatry.org/practice/dsm O.D.D. will typically be seen in children below the ages 9 – 10. 5-15% of children and adolescents have O.D.D. 4% of children and adolescents have C.D. It is more common in boys than girls. If severe O.D.D. is untreated, a development of C.D. could occur. O.D.D. and A.D.H.D. are the most common coexisting conditions.

11. Theories of O.D.D. Biological Factors A parent with a history of attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ODD, or CD A parent with a mood disorder (such as depression or bipolar disorder) A parent who has a problem with drinking or substance abuse Impairment in the part of the brain responsible for reasoning, judgment, and impulse control Reference::2009 The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry A brain-chemical imbalance A mother who smoked during pregnancy Exposure to toxins Poor nutrition

12. Theories continued… Psychological Factors A poor relationship with one or more parent A neglectful or absent parent A difficulty or inability to form social relationships or process social cues Social Factors Poverty Chaotic environment Abuse Neglect Lack of supervision Uninvolved parents Inconsistent discipline Family instability (such as divorce or frequent moves) Reference::2009 The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

13. Scenario Resource: http://www.sbhihelp.org/html/OppositionalDefiantDisorder-Solutions.htm “I hate you, you’re such a b****, I am too going to wear my red dress! You promised me yesterday, and if I can’t wear it today, I’m not getting ready for school!” Molly had been arguing about the dress for the past forty-five minutes. It was 8:05, mom was running late, and the dress was filthy. That overwhelming exhausted feeling enveloped mom and, once again, she caved. “Go ahead and wear it”, she screamed.

14. Characteristics of Oppositional Defiant Children They possess a strong need for control. They typically deny responsibility for their misbehavior and have little insight into how they impact others. The ODD child is socially exploitive and very quick to notice how others respond. He then uses these responses to his advantage in family or social environments, or both. These children tolerate a great deal of negativity- in fact they seem to thrive on large amounts of conflict, anger and negativity from others.

15. Diagnosis of O.D.D. While there is no single test that can diagnose ODD, a mental health professional can determine whether a child or adolescent has the disorder by assessing the child’s symptoms and behaviours. Many parents first call their family doctor for an evaluation.

16. Doctor’s Evaluation Medical history is gathered and a medical examination is preformed. The doctor will look for physical and other mental health issues. A referral to a psychiatrist or mental health professional may be made if the doctor cannot find a physical cause for the symptoms. Information will be gathered from parents, teachers and daycare providers.

17. Diagnosis The behavior is severe. The conflicts are with peers or authority figures. The behavior is a result of stressful situations within the home. The child reacts negatively to all authority figures, or only his or her parents or guardians. It is the psychiatrist or mental health professional that usually diagnoses ODD.

18. Treatment Parent-Management Training Programs and Family Therapy Cognitive Problem-Solving Skills Training Social-Skills Program and School-Based Programs Medication

19. Reference: http://teacupsclassroom.blogspot.ca/2012/05/oppositional-defiant-disorder.html

20. Belong Build Cooperative Relationships-> Peer Helpers Build Positive Social Skills-> Social Club/SIW Collaborate-> with student/other teachers

21. Power Establish clear and consistent classroom rules Positive Expectations Positive Reinforcement

22. Freedom Making choices Avoid power struggles Help students understand and manage their emotions

23. Fun Hands on activities Brain Breaks Tap into the student’s interests

24. Scenarios

25. Scenarios #1 The class has been asked to come to the carpet for Morning Meeting Time. When everyone is seated quietly you proceed to give them an overview of what the morning will look like. As soon as you mention that students will be writing in their agendas, Angus yells out, “No!!! I don’t want to write today!” He then runs and hides under his desk. What do you do as a teacher?

26. Scenarios #2 The students are working quietly in your classroom when a student raises their hand and tells you that another student, Michelle keeps bothering them by whispering in their ear. You ask Michelle to stop and she continues to bother the other student. What you do you as a teacher?

27. Strategies Provide simple choices State pre-determined consequences Listen before reacting Give brief and direct instructions Discuss the problem privately with the student Walk away before it gets too “hot” Praise students when they respond positively Establish a rapport Avoid making comments Give them classroom responsibilities Calming area/Break cards

28. Resources “Behave like Clint Eastwood in Dirty Harry — stay cool, calm, and collected under the most challenging situation.” cbc news: http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/mental-illness-behavioural-issues- worry-teachers-school-counsellors-1.2956530http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/mental-illness-behavioural-issues- worry-teachers-school-counsellors-1.2956530 Samaritan Behavioral Health: Solutions to Oppositional Defiant http://www.sbhihelp.org/html/OppositionalDefiantDisorder-Solutions.htm http://www.sbhihelp.org/html/OppositionalDefiantDisorder-Solutions.htm ODD: A Guide for Families by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry “Miss.Teacup’s” Blog http://teacupsclassroom.blogspot.ca/2012/05/oppositional-defiant-disorder.html Strategies to Work with Students with Oppositional Defiant Disorder By: Wendy Woolsey-Terrazas and Janice A. Chavez American Psychiatric Association http://www.psychiatry.org/practice/dsm