1. Phylogenetic Tree

2. Classification and Taxonomy
Biology 11

7. Classification
Grouping of objects or information based on similarities
Biological Classification- how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species
Taxonomy is the field of biology concerned with identifying and classifying organisms

8. Who am i? I walk on all fours. My body is stout with an arched back.
My body sparsely covered with coarse hairs.
My ears are disproportionately long, and my tail is very thick at the base and gradually tapers
I have an elongated head.
My mouth is small and tubular.
I like to dig with big sturdy claws.
Each toe bears a large, robust nail which is somewhat flattened and shovel-like, and appears to be intermediate between a claw and a hoof

9. Aardvark!

10. Why classify?
There are many different systems with obscure names for animals… some based on physical and behavioural characteristics
Some scientists would look at that same animal and describe it differently, making it nearly impossible to identify any organisms
Imagine going shopping in a grocery store that had no system for organizing food into categories… how long would it take for you to find something?

11. Why is a system of classification needed?
Organize species into groups and discuss them
Show relationships between organisms
Identify new organisms and keep track of them
Accurately and uniformly name organisms
Prevents misnomers such as “starfish” and “jellyfish” that aren’t really fish. “Seahorse” is not a horse.
Humans are Homo sapiens
Uses same language (latin) for all names

12. Early taxonomy
Aristotle was the first taxonomist dividing organisms into land, sea, & air dwellers Linnaeus developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature. Linnaeus grouped species according to shared physical characteristics

13. Binomial nomenclature
Each organism has a two-part Latin name
The first half is the GENUS, which is common to several species, and the second half is the SPECIES name, unique to that particular organism.
Ex. All chickadees are in the Genus Pocile while individual types of chickadees will have their own species name like atricapillus.  Scientifically, a Black-capped chickadee will be called an Pocile atricapillus.
The two-part name is called the scientific name.

14. Poecile atricapillus
Poecile rufescenes

15. Rules for naming organisms
Using binomial nomenclature
Genus name + species name
Genus name is capitalized, species name is not
Both names are in italics or underlined (if handwriting)

16. Examples: Homo sapiens (Humans)
Felis catus (House Cat)

17. Taxonomy The science of naming and assigning organisms to groups
Groups of similar organisms are called taxa (singular taxon)
There are EIGHT taxa within taxonomy

18. Domain Very large/general group of organisms
Kingdom       
Phylum       
Class               
Order
Family               
Genus
Species          Very small/specific group of organisms

23. Use your cell!
Using your cell phone, find the Taxons for one organism we have not talked about
Examples- Kangaroo - Gold fish - Wild Rose - Kiwi - Douglas Fir Tree

24. Example of classification
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom:    Animalia
Phylum:    Chordata
Class:        Mammalia
Order:        Primata
Family:        Hominidae
Genus:        Homo
Species:    sapien
Scientists would use the term Homo sapien to refer to humans.  In latin Homo sapien means “wise man”.

26. These groups can be remembered using several mnemonics, for instance:
KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES
Kids Play Catch Over Farmer Green’s Stable.
King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti.

27. Modern 6 Kingdom taxonomic system

30. Kingdom monera divided
All prokaryotes belong to the kingdom Monera
Includes both Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria live in harsh environments like very salty lakes; intestines of mammals; and hot, sulfur springs & may be autotrophs or heterotrophs
Eubacteria are “true” bacteria some of which cause disease

31. Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

34. Appendages

35. Binary Fission

36. Please make a chart

37. Kingdom Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

38. Kingdom Protista
Includes unicellular and a few simple multicellular eukaryotes
They have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles
Some are “plant-like”, some are “animal-like”
They may be autotrophic (ex. Euglena) or heterotrophic (ex. Amoeba)

39. Kingdom Fungi
Include mushrooms, molds, mildews, yeast and many relatives
They are eukaryotic
They are absorptive heterotrophs - they digest food using enzymes & then absorb it
Fungi act as decomposers or parasites in nature

40. Kingdom Plantae
Stationary, autotrophic, multicellular, eukaryotes that photosynthesize and produce oxygen
Plantae include mosses, ferns, cone-bearing plants, and flowering plants

41. Kingdom Animalia
Multicellular, eukaryotic and heterotrophic (that is, they rely on other organisms for their nourishment)
Most members can move from place to place
Include fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals - also includes sponges, jellyfish, several phyla of worms, sea stars, insects and a host of other organisms

42. The Chordates

43. The Invertebrates

44. Crash Course: Taxonomy: Life’s Filing Cabinet Questions
Pg. 320 # 1
Pg. 323 # 2, 3
Pg. 325 # 3
Pg. 329 #1-3

45. How are Relationships Determined?
Phylogeny - Evolutionary history or similarities between modern and fossil organisms
Behavioral - similar behavioral patterns
Geographical - location of the species on earth
Development - similarities in developmental stages
Biochemistry - closely related species have similar DNA and similar chromosomal structure as well as similar proteins (eg. both humans and cats produce lactose, lizards do not)

46. Comparing human proteins to other primates
For each primate listed, determine how many amino acids differ from the human sequence. Record those numbers.
Calculate the percent difference by dividing those numbers by 15 and multiplying by 100.

48. Which primate is most closely related? Least closely related?
Construct a diagram of primate evolutionary relationships that most closely fits your results.

49. Phylogeny- Evolutionary Histroy
Phylogenetic trees are branching diagrams showing how organisms are related
Organizes living things based on their evolution
Common ancestor is shown at the base of the tree - most modern organisms shown at tips of branches
Each time a branch divides into a smaller branch, it represents speciation

50. Cladograms
Show relations based on characteristics such as feathers, hair, scales, etc.

51. http://ccl. northwestern

52. Cladogram Minilab With a partner, complete the cladogram mini lab
Take minutes to complete all questions
Be prepared to share your answers with the class

53. Dichotomous Key
Allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world, such as trees, wildflowers, mammals, reptiles, rocks, and fish.
Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item.
Always give two choices in each step.

54. When constructing, keep in mind:
Questions must have a yes or no answer
Use constant characteristics rather than variable ones.
Use measurements rather than relative terms like "large" and "small".
Use characteristics that are available to the user of the key
Make the choice a positive one - something "is" instead of "is not".

55. Dichotomous Key

56. What else could have been used to separate these organisms?

57. Activity: Making a dichotomous key

59. Evolution Concept Map
A concept map is used to show the relationships between different ideas
Use your Learning Outcome sheets for Evolution and Taxonomy and create a concept map
Use all main ideas and vocab words on your maps
Where ideas are connected, provide reasoning on arrows.

60. An example…