1. Build your own seismograph Alan Kafka, Boston College Michael Hubenthal, IRIS

2. Did you feel it?

3. Your Task – Design something to detect seismic waves Sinkers empty paper towel rolls springs straws paper paper plates & cups pipe cleaners marbles pens and pencils string or wire … and annotate the design for purpose

4. An excellent design will be… made of the common inexpensive materials provided for this exercise; capable of determining the relative size of each disturbance it measures; capable of measuring vibrations continuously for at least one minute; capable of capturing the time when these disturbances occurred; capable of measuring vibrations from three different sources: a bang on or shaking of the table holding the seismograph; a person jumping up and down on the floor next to the table on which your seismograph is located; and a ball bounced off of a wall or floor nearby.

5. Seismograph 1880 – John Milne and colleagues 1889- von Rebeur's horizontal pendulum

6. Seismoscopes - indicate that motion has occurred, azimuth, perhaps some simple measure of size. Seismograph – records ground motion as a continuous function of time.

7. First Seismoscope AD 132, Zhang Heng of China's Han dynasty 2 meters in diameter Eight points around the top were dragon's heads holding bronze balls Pendulum inside

8. European Seismoscopes (function) 1703 - Proposed by J. de la Haute Feuille - bowl of mercury. 1731 – Nicholas Cirillo - simple pendulums 1783 - Domemico Salsano, a clock-maker and mechanic of Naples, invented a "geo- sismometro” –common pendulum, eight and a half "parisian" feet long. –equipped with a brush to record motion with slow- drying ink on an ivory slab.

9. Seismoscope (time) 1784 - A. Cavalli bowl of mercury with moving pots beneath to “catch” every minute (timing never built) 1796 - Duca della Torre –Pendulum –A record, written by a pencil attached pressed gently against paper. –Hair on the pendulum mass was a hair which would start the clock 1844 – James Ford – Inverted pendulum design

10. Seismograph 1875 – Cecchi (Italy) – seismoscope –start a clock –start into motion the recording surface at the time of an earthquake.

13. How does a seismograph work?

14. To measure horizontal ground motion: A heavy mass is decoupled from the Earth by means of a pendulum.

15. When the ground moves, the mass tends to remain stationary because of its inertia, but the support (frame) moves with the Earth.

16. The movement of the Earth relative to the stationary mass is recorded on a rotating drum.

17. To measure vertical motion: The principle is the same, but the mass is suspended on a spring.

18. With a modern seismograph, the ground motion is also recorded on a computer.

19. AS1 Seismograph

21. Three Sumatra Earthquakes Recorded at Weston Observatory Boston College Magnitude 9.0 December 26, 2004 Magnitude 8.7 March 28, 2005 Magnitude 6.8 April 10, 2005 Seismograms are shown on the same scale. Same Distance, Different Magnitudes ∆=133° Seismograms are shown on the same scale. AS1 Seismograms

22. Phoenix Country Day School, Paradise Valley, AZ ∆=7° Weston High School,Weston, MA ∆=38° Parkfield, CA Earthquake Magnitude 6.0, 09/28/04 Same Earthquake, Different Distances Seismograms are shown on the same scale. Time (sec/10 2 ) AS1 Seismograms

23. El Salvador and India Earthquakes Recorded at Devlin Hall Boston College Same Magnitude, Different Distances India Magnitude 7.7, January 26, 2001 El Salvador Magnitude 7.7, January 13, 2001 Seismograms are shown on the same scale. ∆=33° ∆=106° AS1 Seismograms

24. The Great Sumatra Earthquake of 2004 Seismograms Recorded at Boston College Magnitude 9.0 December 26, 2004 Magnitude 8.7 March 28, 2005

27. Magnitude 6.7 Gulf of California January 4, 2006

28. Seismology = The study of seismic waves. Seismograph = Instrument that records seismic waves as a function of time. Seismogram = The record of ground motion that is produced by a seismograph.