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Unit 4: Ancient Greece Essential Questions

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1 Unit 4: Ancient Greece Essential Questions
How did geography influence the history and peoples of Ancient Greece from the Minoans/Mycenaeans to later Greek City-States & the conquests of Alexander the Great? What factors allow a civilization to have enduring significance? What were Ancient Greece’s contributions to human progress? Why were they so enduring? How would you describe the evolution of government in Ancient Greece? What skills must citizens have to effectively participate in a democratic state? How do multiple perspectives enhance democracy? Who was responsible for the spread of Greek culture throughout the world? How was this accomplished? How did the Hellenic & Hellenistic Civilizations differ?

2 Ancient Greece

3 Ancient Greece: Timeline
Pre-Hellenic Period I B.C.E. = Minoans II B.C.E. = Mycenaean – The Trojan War “The Iliad” Hellenic Period III B.C.E. = Dorians – Greek Dark Ages IV B.C.E. = Greek City-States – Sparta & Athens V B.C.E. = Democratic Athens – Persian War VI. Athenian Empire – Delian League VII B.C.E = Greece’s “Golden Age” VIII B.C.E. = Peloponnesian War – Athens v. Sparta Hellenistic Period IV B.C.E. = Conquests of Alexander the Great & Beyond X. 323-Present Day = Spread of Greek Culture

4 Ancient Greece – Contributions to Human Progress:
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece What factors allow a civilization to have enduring significance? What were Ancient Greece’s contributions to human progress? Why were they so enduring? Ancient Greece – Contributions to Human Progress: Government = democracy Philosophy = Socrates (__), Plato (__) & Aristotle (__) Architecture = Parthenon, columns, etc. Drama = Comedy & Tragedy Science = medicine: Hippocrates -“father of medicine” History = Herodotus & Thucydides (wrote w/less bias) Sports = Olympics Art = idealization of the human form, Colossus of Rhodes

5 Ancient Greece – Vocabulary Page:
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece What factors allow a civilization to have enduring significance? What were Ancient Greece’s contributions to human progress? Why were they so enduring? Ancient Greece – Vocabulary Page: patriarchal = hellas = arete = hubris = self-sufficient = polis = acropolis = monarch = aristocracy = oligarchy = tyranny = democracy = phalanx = draconian = politics = Oracle at Delphi = ostracism

6 Balkan Mountains – 2/3 of peninsula
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece How did geography influence the history and people of Ancient Greece? I. Geography Greece Balkan Peninsula – about the size of Maine Hellas = __________________ Aegean Sea (Mediterranean Sea) Balkan Mountains – 2/3 of peninsula Disunity = mountains led to fiercely independent city-states Communication - restricted Farming = 20% arable land = ↓ population, seek? _________ Natural Harbors & Islands Stimulate Trade (Sea-farers & Traders) Surrounded by Water = Mediterranean Sea Aegean Sea Ionian Sea Black Sea Colonies Abroad = what purpose do they serve? Mediterranean Climate Greeks develop outdoor culture = Agora, Amphitheatre and Gymnasium are all open air arenas Olives & Grapes

7 Minoans: Crete & Surrounding Islands (2000-1200 B.C.E.)
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece How did geography influence the history and people of Ancient Greece? II. Minoan & Mycenaean Civilizations Minoans: Crete & Surrounding Islands ( B.C.E.) Minos – legendary king, founding story Economy & Trade – island served as stepping stone for trade Well constructed ships Products = olive oil, wine, metal ware & pottery Where does our knowledge of the Minoans come from? Written Language? = yet to be deciphered - __________________ Archeological Discoveries – Sir Arthur Evans – especially paintings Mycenaeans (1600 B.C.E.) Mycenae – fortressed city on Balkan Peninsula Sea Raiders & Traders Patriarchal Society = _________________________________ Economy & Trade What = agriculture (olive oil – liquid gold), pottery, tools/weapons & piracy Who = colonies in Asia Minor (present day ____) & Knossos, _____ Archeological Discoveries - Writing System – Linear B

8 Troy – Site of Homer’s Iliad
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece How did geography influence the history and people of Ancient Greece? II. Minoan & Mycenaean Civilizations Troy – Site of Homer’s Iliad Location = Dardanelles Strait – Aegean & Black Seas Control sea traffic & land routes b/w Europe & Asia Schliemann – 9 buried cities Iliad – Summary = Helen, Sparta’s Queen is abducted by Paris, Prince of Troy. Agamemnon (King of Mycenae) besieges Troy for 10 years Trojan Horse = city destroyed by fire, possibly besieged 1200 B.C.E. = fall of Hittites & Egyptian Empire - _____ Fall of Mycenaean Civilization – Dorian Invasion (c.1100 B.C.E.) Invasions from the North Iron over Bronze

9 Dark Ages = Homer & Heroic Values
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: Contributions with enduring significance & the evolution of democracy. III. Greek Dark Age – Homeric Age - Dorians Dark Ages = Homer & Heroic Values Homer’s Epics: The Iliad & The Odyssey Heroic Values = epics illustrate cultural concepts of: arete = strive for virtue & excellence hubris = destructive or excessive pride in oneself war leader – “first among equals” Iliad = Trojan War Helen Achilles Agamemnon Prince Paris Hector Odyssey = journey home Odysseus Sirens & Cyclops Scylla & Charybdis Telemachus Penelope

10 Society during the Homeric Age
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: Contributions with enduring significance & the evolution of democracy. III. Greek Dark Age – Homeric Age - Dorians Society during the Homeric Age Patriarchal Society – dominated by aristocrats = ____ aristocracy = government by the best women – maintain order at home Economy: dark ages? = ____- self-sufficient agriculture The Rise of Democracy Evolution: Monarchy – Oligarchy – Tyranny – Democracy Monarchy = polis = → politics = acropolis = Oligarchy or Aristocracy = ______________ or _________________ Abolished assemblies & took the best land Promoted colonization – appease angry/hungry masses & stimulate economy Tyrants = ________________ phalanx (citizen soldier) = dynasties?

11 Solon (594 B.C.E.) Pisistratus (560 B.C.E.)
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: How would you describe the evolution of government in Ancient Greece? IV. Steps to Athenian Democracy Solon (594 B.C.E.) Ends policy of enslavement for debt – cancels debt for small farmers Introduces Economic Stimulus Package All citizens must learn a trade All will work through increase in industry & trade Changes class distinction from birth to wealth (not rigid) Pisistratus (560 B.C.E.) redistributes land Initiates public works projects - ___________________ ends land requirement to vote Cleisthenes ( B.C.E.) Step 1: diminish power of nobles – disbands tribes & est. new ones Step 2: ostracism = exile potential threat (i.e. tyrant) for 10 yrs. Step 3: Branches of Gov’t Assembly (U.S. example _____) – power to initiate legislation Est. Council of 500 (U.S. example _____) – advise assembly, prepare leg. Democratic Court (U.S. example _____) – citizen jurors Trouble on Horizon = Sparta & Persia

12 Athens Sparta Form of Government Military Service Education (Values)
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: How would you describe the evolution of government in Ancient Greece? V. Sparta vs. Athens Focus Question: Why did both of these polis’ develop different forms of rule? Athens Sparta Form of Government Democracy – rule of the people, all citizens part. Totalitarian – system of gov’t in which the state controls all aspects of an individuals life Military Service 2 yrs. of military training 20-60 yrs. old Education (Values) Mind, body & arts. Valued individuality, beauty & freedom. Body. Valued duty strength & discipline. Economy Prosperous overseas trade (grapes & olive oil) Forbidden to travel, money made of iron bars Slavery Most come from outside Greece (1:4) helots = slaves of the state taken from surrounding conquered territories (7:1) Role of Women Few rights, must stay at home, conceal themselves in public Just as important in defending state = trained, part. In politics & economy

13 Sparta: “Wall of Men” Athens: “Golden Mean” 5 Ephors Council of Elders
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: How would you describe the evolution of government in Ancient Greece? V. Sparta vs. Athens: Government Focus Question: Why did both of these polis’ develop different forms of rule? Sparta: “Wall of Men” 5 Ephors elected by Assembly = held unlimited power. “Guardians of the State” Council of Elders 28 members all over 60 yrs. = proposed laws Kings (2) elected by the Assembly they served as high priests, judges and army commanders Assembly all citizens 30+ yrs. Elected officials and voted on major policies. Athens: “Golden Mean” President Board of Generals 1 year term. Council of 500 Citizens 30+ yrs. = chosen to propose laws Assembly all citizens 20+ yrs. = elected officials & approved laws. Democratic Court citizen jurors chosen by lot. Hoplites all citizens yrs. had to provide 2 yrs. of service in the Athenian military for citizenship.

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15 Ionian Greeks (Asia Minor – Troy)
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: How would you describe the evolution of government in Ancient Greece? VI. The Persian Wars ( B.C.E.) Ionian Greeks (Asia Minor – Troy) Conquered by Cyrus Poleis Revolt & Seek aid from Athens Darius I ends rebellions, sets sight on Athens Major Battles 492 B.C.E. – Darius attempts major invasion of Greece = _______ 490 B.C.E. – Plains of Marathon = _________________ 480 B.C.E. – Xerxes (200,000) Sparta & 300 Athens sacked Losses naval battle Results of Persian Wars Victory ushers in “Golden Age” = anything is possible Full development of democracy est. land & sea empire – Athenian Empire Delian League (Athens & 172) – defensive alliance dominated by Athens Alliance benefits who? - Imperialism (define) = good or bad? -

16 What leads the two city-states (____) to war?
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: How would you describe the evolution of government in Ancient Greece? VII. The Peloponnesian War ( B.C.E.) What leads the two city-states (____) to war? Athenian Imperialism? Fear of an enemy’s growing power? Athens commercial rivalry w/Corinth (Sparta’s key ally)? 431: Sparta declares war, Athenians called within walls Advantages Athens = Sea Sparta = Land Sparta’s superior army = victory on land but can’t breach walls of Athens Athens’ superior navy = sent to attack Sparta, but fails to invade Turning Points Disease Breaks Out in Athens (typhus) = overcrowding w/in walls Syracuse (413 B.C.) = Spartan victory Athens surrenders (404 B.C.) Consequences Anarchy & Depression Harsh Spartan Rule ( B.C.) – oligarchies replace democracies Some Greeks hope for invasion Who will that be? -

17 Pericles = Athens’ leading statesman - 3 Goals
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: What factors allow a civilization to have enduring significance? What were Ancient Greece’s contributions to human progress? Why were they so enduring? VIII. Athenian Golden Age, B.C. Pericles = Athens’ leading statesman - 3 Goals Strengthen Athenian Democracy Strengthen Athenian Empire Glorify Athens = Confiscated treasury of Delian League “long walls” = surrounded Athens & protected a 6 mile corridor down to the port of Piraeus. Parthenon = temple to honor Athena Greek Cultural Achievements (politics, philosophy, art & science) – why? = social & environmental factors thought is not restricted by a “divine” ruler gods were not the answer → human resourcefulness & reason was * “Man is the measure of all things” Greek Religion gods & goddesses, Zeus, Mt. Olympus, Hades oracles (at __): message = “Nothing in excess” & “Know yourself”

18 (a) “Long Walls”

19 (b) Parthenon

20 List of Gods Zeus – god of sky, father of gods
Poseidon – god of sea, brother of Zeus Hades – god of underworld, bro of Zeus Hera – goddess of marriage, wife of Zeus Ares – god of war Apollo – god of light, prophecy, medicine Athena – goddess of wisdom Aphrodite – goddess of love & beauty Dionysis – goddess of wine & fertility Hermes – messenger of the gods Hephaistos – god of metal working

21 Greek Philosophy = love of wisdom, concern - ethics
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: What’s a golden age? What made the Golden Age in Ancient Greece possible? VIII. Athenian Golden Age, B.C. Greek Philosophy = love of wisdom, concern - ethics - Nature can be explained by natural, not supernatural causes - Three Great Philosophers Socrates ( B.C.) – ask questions “the unexamined life is not worth living” “only one good, knowledge; only one evil, ignorance” Socratic Method = question & then answer Socrates fate = Plato ( B.C.) = studied under? – material v. spiritual world “philosophy begins in wonder” The Republic = vision for a perfect society (role of women?) founded the Academy in Athens Aristotle ( B.C.) = studied under? – analysis of data “All men by nature desire to know.” “The law is reason, free from passion.” Developed basis for scientific method =

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23 Macedonia = mountainous region north of Greece
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this accomplished? IX. Macedonia Conquers Greece Macedonia = mountainous region north of Greece 359 B.C.E.: Philip II became King of Macedonia amasses great army uses phalanx (learned it when living in the Greek polis of Thebes, as a boy) Philip II conquered Greek states one by one Some Greeks saw him as a unifying savior Some Greeks saw him as a menace to their liberty. 338 B.C.E.: Chaeronea ends Greek independence 336 B.C.E.: Philip II daughter’s wedding = Alexander takes thrown

24 Characteristics of the Hellenistic (“Greek-like”) Age
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this accomplished? X. The Hellenistic Age ( B.C.E.) Characteristics of the Hellenistic (“Greek-like”) Age Economic Expansion Cosmopolitanism = Intellectual & Artistic Achievements Distribution of Greek Culture Alexander the Great Young Alexander studies under = idolized epic heroes of Greece = characteristics: athletic, charismatic, natural leader, god-like trained in gymnastics and Macedonian military skills/tactics Philip II assassinated in 336 B.C.E. 20 year old Alexander assumes the throne Quickly gains loyalty of Macedonian Nobles & Greek League (formed by father Philip II)

25 UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this accomplished? X. The Hellenistic Age ( B.C.E.) Alexander’s Conquests: Unfortunately for Persia, he adopted the ancient Greek enemy as his own. From B.C. he conquered Asia Minor & the Fertile Crescent Egypt Persia (Darius III, 331 B.C.E.) and into India without a defeat. Some of his tactics are such masterpieces that they were studied by Caesar and Napoleon and are still studied today. Meet strong resistance past the edge of the known world, only mutiny of his troops ended his conquests. Half of his army returned to the Fertile Crescent by sea (Persian Gulf) Half returned by land = suffered great hardships (draught & famine) with 1/4 of Alexander’s army dying along the way. 323 B.C.E.: Alexander dies in Babylon at 32

26 UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this accomplished? X. The Hellenistic Age ( B.C.E.) Alexander’s Legacy = dreamed of uniting all the world’s people & cultures. Built and rebuilt 70 cities to serve as the cultural centers of his empire Alexandria, Egypt Antioch, Syria In each city, settled a group of Greeks and Macedonians - solidified Hellenistic Age. Encouraged the intermarriages of peoples and actually took the daughter of a Persian King as his wife (Roxana). He also dressed in Persian robes and took men of varied religions into his service He tried to establish a uniform currency to promote prosperity through trade. While in Babylon, becoming increasingly reclusive, Alexander contracts a fever (cholera/malaria?) and dies in 323 B.C.

27 Alexander’s Empire is Divided
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this accomplished? X. The Hellenistic Age ( B.C.E.) Hellenistic Contributions Great Advances in Astronomy (circumference of earth – 1%, sun 300x larger than earth, earth revolves around sun), Mathematics (pie & geometry), Physics (lever & complex pulley), Philosophy, Art (realism in sculptures – Colossus of Rhodes) Alexander’s Empire is Divided Alexander’s Empire is Divided


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