1. Unit 4: Ancient Greece Essential Questions
How did geography influence the history and peoples of Ancient Greece from the Minoans/Mycenaeans to later Greek City-States & the conquests of Alexander the Great?
What factors allow a civilization to have enduring significance? What were Ancient Greece’s contributions to human progress? Why were they so enduring?
How would you describe the evolution of government in Ancient Greece? What skills must citizens have to effectively participate in a democratic state? How do multiple perspectives enhance democracy?
Who was responsible for the spread of Greek culture throughout the world? How was this accomplished?
How did the Hellenic & Hellenistic Civilizations differ?

2. Ancient Greece

3. Ancient Greece: Timeline
Pre-Hellenic Period
I B.C.E. = Minoans
II B.C.E. = Mycenaean – The Trojan War “The Iliad”
Hellenic Period
III B.C.E. = Dorians – Greek Dark Ages
IV B.C.E. = Greek City-States – Sparta & Athens
V B.C.E. = Democratic Athens – Persian War
VI. Athenian Empire – Delian League
VII B.C.E = Greece’s “Golden Age”
VIII B.C.E. = Peloponnesian War – Athens v. Sparta
Hellenistic Period
IV B.C.E. = Conquests of Alexander the Great & Beyond
X. 323-Present Day = Spread of Greek Culture

4. Ancient Greece – Contributions to Human Progress:
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece What factors allow a civilization to have enduring significance? What were Ancient Greece’s contributions to human progress? Why were they so enduring?
Ancient Greece – Contributions to Human Progress:
Government = democracy
Philosophy = Socrates (__), Plato (__) & Aristotle (__)
Architecture = Parthenon, columns, etc.
Drama = Comedy & Tragedy
Science = medicine: Hippocrates -“father of medicine”
History = Herodotus & Thucydides (wrote w/less bias)
Sports = Olympics
Art = idealization of the human form, Colossus of Rhodes

5. Ancient Greece – Vocabulary Page:
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece What factors allow a civilization to have enduring significance? What were Ancient Greece’s contributions to human progress? Why were they so enduring?
Ancient Greece – Vocabulary Page:
patriarchal =
hellas =
arete =
hubris =
self-sufficient =
polis =
acropolis =
monarch =
aristocracy =
oligarchy =
tyranny =
democracy =
phalanx =
draconian =
politics =
Oracle at Delphi =
ostracism

6. Balkan Mountains – 2/3 of peninsula
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece How did geography influence the history and people of Ancient Greece? I. Geography
Greece
Balkan Peninsula – about the size of Maine
Hellas = __________________
Aegean Sea (Mediterranean Sea)
Balkan Mountains – 2/3 of peninsula
Disunity = mountains led to fiercely independent city-states
Communication - restricted
Farming = 20% arable land = ↓ population, seek? _________
Natural Harbors & Islands
Stimulate Trade (Sea-farers & Traders)
Surrounded by Water =
Mediterranean Sea
Aegean Sea
Ionian Sea
Black Sea
Colonies Abroad = what purpose do they serve?
Mediterranean Climate
Greeks develop outdoor culture = Agora, Amphitheatre and Gymnasium are all open air arenas
Olives & Grapes

7. Minoans: Crete & Surrounding Islands (2000-1200 B.C.E.)
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece How did geography influence the history and people of Ancient Greece? II. Minoan & Mycenaean Civilizations
Minoans: Crete & Surrounding Islands ( B.C.E.)
Minos – legendary king, founding story
Economy & Trade – island served as stepping stone for trade
Well constructed ships
Products = olive oil, wine, metal ware & pottery
Where does our knowledge of the Minoans come from?
Written Language? = yet to be deciphered - __________________
Archeological Discoveries – Sir Arthur Evans – especially paintings
Mycenaeans (1600 B.C.E.)
Mycenae – fortressed city on Balkan Peninsula
Sea Raiders & Traders
Patriarchal Society = _________________________________
Economy & Trade
What = agriculture (olive oil – liquid gold), pottery, tools/weapons & piracy
Who = colonies in Asia Minor (present day ____) & Knossos, _____
Archeological Discoveries - Writing System – Linear B

8. Troy – Site of Homer’s Iliad
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece How did geography influence the history and people of Ancient Greece? II. Minoan & Mycenaean Civilizations
Troy – Site of Homer’s Iliad
Location = Dardanelles Strait – Aegean & Black Seas
Control sea traffic & land routes b/w Europe & Asia
Schliemann – 9 buried cities
Iliad – Summary = Helen, Sparta’s Queen is abducted by Paris, Prince of Troy. Agamemnon (King of Mycenae) besieges Troy for 10 years
Trojan Horse = city destroyed by fire, possibly besieged
1200 B.C.E. = fall of Hittites & Egyptian Empire - _____
Fall of Mycenaean Civilization – Dorian Invasion (c.1100 B.C.E.)
Invasions from the North
Iron over Bronze

9. Dark Ages = Homer & Heroic Values
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: Contributions with enduring significance & the evolution of democracy. III. Greek Dark Age – Homeric Age - Dorians
Dark Ages =
Homer & Heroic Values
Homer’s Epics: The Iliad & The Odyssey
Heroic Values = epics illustrate cultural concepts of:
arete = strive for virtue & excellence
hubris = destructive or excessive pride in oneself
war leader – “first among equals”
Iliad = Trojan War
Helen
Achilles
Agamemnon
Prince Paris
Hector
Odyssey = journey home
Odysseus
Sirens & Cyclops
Scylla & Charybdis
Telemachus
Penelope

10. Society during the Homeric Age
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: Contributions with enduring significance & the evolution of democracy. III. Greek Dark Age – Homeric Age - Dorians
Society during the Homeric Age
Patriarchal Society – dominated by aristocrats = ____
aristocracy = government by the best
women – maintain order at home
Economy: dark ages? = ____- self-sufficient agriculture
The Rise of Democracy
Evolution: Monarchy – Oligarchy – Tyranny – Democracy
Monarchy =
polis = → politics =
acropolis =
Oligarchy or Aristocracy = ______________ or _________________
Abolished assemblies & took the best land
Promoted colonization – appease angry/hungry masses & stimulate economy
Tyrants = ________________
phalanx (citizen soldier) =
dynasties?

11. Solon (594 B.C.E.) Pisistratus (560 B.C.E.)
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: How would you describe the evolution of government in Ancient Greece? IV. Steps to Athenian Democracy
Solon (594 B.C.E.)
Ends policy of enslavement for debt – cancels debt for small farmers
Introduces Economic Stimulus Package
All citizens must learn a trade
All will work through increase in industry & trade
Changes class distinction from birth to wealth (not rigid)
Pisistratus (560 B.C.E.)
redistributes land
Initiates public works projects - ___________________
ends land requirement to vote
Cleisthenes ( B.C.E.)
Step 1: diminish power of nobles – disbands tribes & est. new ones
Step 2: ostracism = exile potential threat (i.e. tyrant) for 10 yrs.
Step 3: Branches of Gov’t
Assembly (U.S. example _____) – power to initiate legislation
Est. Council of 500 (U.S. example _____) – advise assembly, prepare leg.
Democratic Court (U.S. example _____) – citizen jurors
Trouble on Horizon = Sparta & Persia

12. Athens Sparta Form of Government Military Service Education (Values)
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: How would you describe the evolution of government in Ancient Greece? V. Sparta vs. Athens Focus Question: Why did both of these polis’ develop different forms of rule?
Athens
Sparta
Form of Government
Democracy – rule of the people, all citizens part.
Totalitarian – system of gov’t in which the state controls all aspects of an individuals life
Military Service
2 yrs. of military training
20-60 yrs. old
Education (Values)
Mind, body & arts. Valued individuality, beauty & freedom.
Body. Valued duty strength & discipline.
Economy
Prosperous overseas trade (grapes & olive oil)
Forbidden to travel, money made of iron bars
Slavery
Most come from outside Greece (1:4)
helots = slaves of the state taken from surrounding conquered territories (7:1)
Role of Women
Few rights, must stay at home, conceal themselves in public
Just as important in defending state = trained, part. In politics & economy

13. Sparta: “Wall of Men” Athens: “Golden Mean” 5 Ephors Council of Elders
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: How would you describe the evolution of government in Ancient Greece? V. Sparta vs. Athens: Government Focus Question: Why did both of these polis’ develop different forms of rule?
Sparta: “Wall of Men”
5 Ephors
elected by Assembly = held unlimited power. “Guardians of the State”
Council of Elders
28 members all over 60 yrs. = proposed laws
Kings (2)
elected by the Assembly they served as high priests, judges and army commanders
Assembly
all citizens 30+ yrs. Elected officials and voted on major policies.
Athens: “Golden Mean”
President
Board of Generals
1 year term.
Council of 500
Citizens 30+ yrs. = chosen to propose laws
Assembly
all citizens 20+ yrs. = elected officials & approved laws.
Democratic Court
citizen jurors chosen by lot.
Hoplites
all citizens yrs. had to provide 2 yrs. of service in the Athenian military for citizenship.

15. Ionian Greeks (Asia Minor – Troy)
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: How would you describe the evolution of government in Ancient Greece? VI. The Persian Wars ( B.C.E.)
Ionian Greeks (Asia Minor – Troy)
Conquered by Cyrus
Poleis Revolt & Seek aid from Athens
Darius I ends rebellions, sets sight on Athens
Major Battles
492 B.C.E. – Darius attempts major invasion of Greece = _______
490 B.C.E. – Plains of Marathon = _________________
480 B.C.E. – Xerxes (200,000)
Sparta & 300
Athens sacked
Losses naval battle
Results of Persian Wars
Victory ushers in “Golden Age” = anything is possible
Full development of democracy
est. land & sea empire – Athenian Empire
Delian League (Athens & 172) – defensive alliance dominated by Athens
Alliance benefits who? -
Imperialism (define) = good or bad? -

16. What leads the two city-states (____) to war?
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: How would you describe the evolution of government in Ancient Greece? VII. The Peloponnesian War ( B.C.E.)
What leads the two city-states (____) to war?
Athenian Imperialism?
Fear of an enemy’s growing power?
Athens commercial rivalry w/Corinth (Sparta’s key ally)?
431: Sparta declares war, Athenians called within walls
Advantages
Athens = Sea
Sparta = Land
Sparta’s superior army = victory on land but can’t breach walls of Athens
Athens’ superior navy = sent to attack Sparta, but fails to invade
Turning Points
Disease Breaks Out in Athens (typhus) = overcrowding w/in walls
Syracuse (413 B.C.) = Spartan victory
Athens surrenders (404 B.C.)
Consequences
Anarchy & Depression
Harsh Spartan Rule ( B.C.) – oligarchies replace democracies
Some Greeks hope for invasion
Who will that be? -

17. Pericles = Athens’ leading statesman - 3 Goals
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: What factors allow a civilization to have enduring significance? What were Ancient Greece’s contributions to human progress? Why were they so enduring? VIII. Athenian Golden Age, B.C.
Pericles = Athens’ leading statesman - 3 Goals
Strengthen Athenian Democracy
Strengthen Athenian Empire
Glorify Athens = Confiscated treasury of Delian League
“long walls” = surrounded Athens & protected a 6 mile corridor down to the port of Piraeus.
Parthenon = temple to honor Athena
Greek Cultural Achievements (politics, philosophy, art & science) – why? = social & environmental factors
thought is not restricted by a “divine” ruler
gods were not the answer → human resourcefulness & reason was
* “Man is the measure of all things”
Greek Religion
gods & goddesses, Zeus, Mt. Olympus, Hades
oracles (at __): message = “Nothing in excess” & “Know yourself”

18. (a) “Long Walls”

19. (b) Parthenon

20. List of Gods Zeus – god of sky, father of gods
Poseidon – god of sea, brother of Zeus
Hades – god of underworld, bro of Zeus
Hera – goddess of marriage, wife of Zeus
Ares – god of war
Apollo – god of light, prophecy, medicine
Athena – goddess of wisdom
Aphrodite – goddess of love & beauty
Dionysis – goddess of wine & fertility
Hermes – messenger of the gods
Hephaistos – god of metal working

21. Greek Philosophy = love of wisdom, concern - ethics
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: What’s a golden age? What made the Golden Age in Ancient Greece possible? VIII. Athenian Golden Age, B.C.
Greek Philosophy = love of wisdom, concern - ethics
- Nature can be explained by natural, not supernatural causes
- Three Great Philosophers
Socrates ( B.C.) – ask questions
“the unexamined life is not worth living”
“only one good, knowledge; only one evil, ignorance”
Socratic Method = question & then answer
Socrates fate =
Plato ( B.C.) = studied under? – material v. spiritual world
“philosophy begins in wonder”
The Republic = vision for a perfect society (role of women?)
founded the Academy in Athens
Aristotle ( B.C.) = studied under? – analysis of data
“All men by nature desire to know.” “The law is reason, free from passion.”
Developed basis for scientific method =

23. Macedonia = mountainous region north of Greece
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this accomplished? IX. Macedonia Conquers Greece
Macedonia = mountainous region north of Greece
359 B.C.E.: Philip II became King of Macedonia
amasses great army
uses phalanx (learned it when living in the Greek polis of Thebes, as a boy)
Philip II conquered Greek states one by one
Some Greeks saw him as a unifying savior
Some Greeks saw him as a menace to their liberty.
338 B.C.E.: Chaeronea ends Greek independence
336 B.C.E.: Philip II daughter’s wedding = Alexander takes thrown

24. Characteristics of the Hellenistic (“Greek-like”) Age
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this accomplished? X. The Hellenistic Age ( B.C.E.)
Characteristics of the Hellenistic (“Greek-like”) Age
Economic Expansion
Cosmopolitanism =
Intellectual & Artistic Achievements
Distribution of Greek Culture
Alexander the Great
Young Alexander
studies under =
idolized epic heroes of Greece =
characteristics: athletic, charismatic, natural leader, god-like
trained in gymnastics and Macedonian military skills/tactics
Philip II assassinated in 336 B.C.E.
20 year old Alexander assumes the throne
Quickly gains loyalty of Macedonian Nobles & Greek League (formed by father Philip II)

25. UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this accomplished? X. The Hellenistic Age ( B.C.E.)
Alexander’s Conquests: Unfortunately for Persia, he adopted the ancient Greek enemy as his own.
From B.C. he conquered
Asia Minor & the Fertile Crescent
Egypt
Persia (Darius III, 331 B.C.E.) and into India without a defeat.
Some of his tactics are such masterpieces that they were studied by Caesar and Napoleon and are still studied today.
Meet strong resistance past the edge of the known world, only mutiny of his troops ended his conquests.
Half of his army returned to the Fertile Crescent by sea (Persian Gulf)
Half returned by land = suffered great hardships (draught & famine) with 1/4 of Alexander’s army dying along the way.
323 B.C.E.: Alexander dies in Babylon at 32

26. UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this accomplished? X. The Hellenistic Age ( B.C.E.)
Alexander’s Legacy =
dreamed of uniting all the world’s people & cultures.
Built and rebuilt 70 cities to serve as the cultural centers of his empire
Alexandria, Egypt
Antioch, Syria
In each city, settled a group of Greeks and Macedonians - solidified Hellenistic Age.
Encouraged the intermarriages of peoples and actually took the daughter of a Persian King as his wife (Roxana).
He also dressed in Persian robes and took men of varied religions into his service
He tried to establish a uniform currency to promote prosperity through trade.
While in Babylon, becoming increasingly reclusive, Alexander contracts a fever (cholera/malaria?) and dies in 323 B.C.

27. Alexander’s Empire is Divided
UNIT 4: Ancient Greece EQ: Who is responsible for the spread of Greek Culture around the world? How was this accomplished? X. The Hellenistic Age ( B.C.E.)
Hellenistic Contributions
Great Advances in Astronomy (circumference of earth – 1%, sun 300x larger than earth, earth revolves around sun),
Mathematics (pie & geometry),
Physics (lever & complex pulley),
Philosophy, Art (realism in sculptures – Colossus of Rhodes)
Alexander’s Empire is Divided
Alexander’s Empire is Divided