1. 20th Century Architecture (Part 4) Late Modernism/International Style
January 2008
University of Palestine
Faculty of Applied Engineering & Urban Planning
Dept. of Architecture, Interior Design & Planning
Theories of Architecture(EAPS4202)
Lecturer 9
20th Century Architecture (Part 4)
Late Modernism/International Style
Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,
University of Plastine International

2. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008
Late Modernism
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,

3. The end of Modernism: Aspects/Attitudes
Modernism in architecture has not ceased but rather has been developed further. In 1960, it witnessed the born of late Modernism and Post Modernism
Late Modernism has a practical attitude rather being symbolic & representative
Exaggerative in applying the principle of Modernism in association with rationality
Much emphasis on axis of circulation
The focus is on mechanical sides of construction
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,

4. The end of Modernism: Aspects/Attitudes
Abstraction that contrasts traditional architecture
A complete segregation with history & being traditional
A style that adopts modernization and in particular has no relationship with the past
Any architect whose work does emphasize such characteristics is articulated within the school of Late Modernism
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,

5. Branches of Late Modernism: Sculptural Forms
Classification:
Pure geometrical forms (no interest in interior design & therefore function)
The way to play with various shapes in the design
Style:
The focus is mainly on form only disregarding its content
Contrast between: materials, horizontal and vertical and diagonal lines in juxtaposition.
Use of modern materials and techniques.
Expression of strength and capitalism.
Its buildings:
Sony Tower, Osaka : Kisho Kurokawa
Opera House, Sydney : John Utzon
Art Museum in Texas : Philip Johnson
Dallas City Hall and the National Gallery of Art, Washington : Ieoh Ming Pei
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,

6. Branches of Late Modernism: Sculptural Forms Dallas City Hall
It relates to the type of pure geometrical form
The shape is actually a pyramid designed up-side down
The shape is indeed environment friendly providing shaded area adopting to the hot climate of Texas
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,

7. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008
Branches of Late Modernism: Sculptural Forms National Gallery of Art, Washington
It relates to the type of pure geometrical form
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,

8. Branches of Late Modernism: Sculptural Forms Sony Tower, Osaka
The design built in 1975 by Kisho Kurokawa much relates to the type of focusing on the way to play with shapes
The tower clearly emphasizes the use of modern technology
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,
Nagakin Capsule Tower, Tokyo

9. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008
Branches of Late Modernism: Sculptural Forms Art Museum in southern Texas & Opera Sydney
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,

10. Branches of Late Modernism: Sculptural Forms The Face House
Designed by the Japanese Architect Casomo Yamasheta in Cito, Japan
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,

11. Branches of Late Modernism: Extreme articulation (Structuralism)
Examples:
Kimbell Art Museum : Louis Khan
Graduate School of Design, Harvard Univ. : John Andrews
Housing , Amsterdam : Aldo Vaneyck.
Style:
The structural system used is reflected and seen in the form/elevation
Movement elements (staircases, lifts, & etc) has been part of forming the shape by putting them at the elevation
The interplay between structure & space where the interior space is large in size
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,

12. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008
Branches of Late Modernism: Extreme articulation (Structuralism), Kimbell Art Museum
The use of concrete structure
The opening in the ceiling allow for the use of natural light
The ceiling form is the result of concrete vault that reflects its structure without resistance
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,

13. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008
Branches of Late Modernism: Extreme articulation (Structuralism), Housing project, Amsterdam
Structural system uses glass & steel
Elevations largely uses glass materials sighting the inside space
The use of colors in the elevations giving the design its character & identity, with much emphasis on contrasting the neighboring buildings
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,

14. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008
Branches of Late Modernism: Extreme articulation (Structuralism), Graduate School of Design, Harvard Univ
Supporting structural elements are sighting in the elev in a steppes form showing the character of the building while the non supporting ones are inside
The structural elements being seen indicate the type of space behind
Contrast to neighboring buildings
Stairs connecting various floor levels are made of light steel element
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,

15. Branches of Late Modernism: Second Machines Aesthetic
Why second:
The style adopted indicates that the form follows function .
Thus, Le Corbusier style is considered as the first stage and this development is a second stage taking Le Corbusier’s style further.
Style:
Started with Le Corbusier who admired the machine
Emphasized 2 periods:
1. The first emphasizes efficiency & flexibility
2. The design much emphasizes openness by the use of steel & glass while considering the structural system adopted as functioning as decorative elements of the façade
Examples:
Lloyd Building, London
Stansted, Norman Foster.
Centre Pompidou, Paris
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,

16. Branches of Late Modernism: Second Machines Aesthetic (Richard Rogers)
Flexibility was an issue by having columns only on the edges next to elevation.
In addition to structural character, inside is reflected outside to free the inner space and to smooth out maintenance while allowing natural light through the glass roof.
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,

17. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008
Branches of Late Modernism: Second Machines Aesthetic (Stanstead Airport, London)
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,

18. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008
Branches of Late Modernism: Second Machines Aesthetic (Centre Pompidou, Paris)
Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,