1. Warm Up
With your partner, write a sentence (20 words or less) using two of the following terms to show your knowledge of genetic engineering: * Transgenic Organisms, Recombinant DNA, Recombinant Bacteria, Selective Breeding, PCR, Gel Electrophoresis, Genetically Modified

2. Changes Over Time
SOL: BIO 8 a-e

3. Theory of Evolution
Science is made up of many ideas, theories, and laws. Many of these ideas have gone through many changes throughout the years.
Our job as life-long learners is to examine all the evidence concerning a particular topic.
Evolution is part of the Core Knowledge curriculum for Biology.
The origin of life is a sensitive subject for many people. There are many theories concerning the change in things over time.
You may hold a different view than what will be presented as part of the Core Knowledge curriculum.
Out goal is to explore the theory of evolution from a scientific standpoint, not to discount any other theories on the origin of life.

4. The Father of Evolution
Charles Darwin
The Father of Evolution

5. History
During Darwin’s Time( ) most people believed the Earth was only a few thousand years old.
They also believed that neither the planet nor it’s living species had changed over that thousand years
Darwin’s ideas were shocking and radical

6. HISTORY
Darwin was influenced by many explorers and great thinkers who were starting to challenge views about the world
Some new ideas that were influential to Darwin’s discoveries were:
Taxonomy of Carolus Linnaeus
Lyell’s “Principles of Geology”

7. Binomial System of Nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778)
Believed in the “Fixity of Species” or that all species have remained unchanged throughout the history of the Earth.

8. Charles Lyell Father of Geology
Suggested that layers of rock form slowly and are moved up by the forces beneath Earth
His theories suggested that the Earth is millions of years old.

9. Suggests that sedimentary rock is very old – therefore the species that are represented in this rock must also be old.
Most fossils are found in sedimentary rock.
Older fossils will be found below younger fossils.

10. Charles Lyell How did his ideas influence Darwin?
If the Earth could change over time, might life change as well?
The changes (evolution) Darwin would later suggest would have been possible only if the Earth were extremely old

11. Knowledge Check
Who was Linnaeus? Who was Lyell? If Lyell looked at fossils in a cross section of sediment, would the fossils more towards the surface be older or younger than those below? Why?

12. Charles Darwin
At the age of 22, he joined a 5 year expedition aboard the HMS Beagle to map the coast of South America

13. The voyage of the Beagle

14. Darwin’s Voyage
Darwin explored and collected specimens whenever The Beagle landed ashore
He noticed the diversity of organisms as he traveled and noticed how animals and plants seemed remarkably suited for their environment

15. One stop that was important to the development of Darwin’s theories was the Galapagos Islands
These islands are just west of South America and were particularly interesting because although they are very close together, they have dramatically different climates
Because they were formed by volcanoes, they range from barely at sea level to 1500m above sea level

16. Darwin’s Observations
Land Tortoises
Shell shape varied from one island to another
Hood Island Tortoise: Long neck and curved shell allows this tortoise to reach the high vegetation

17. Isabela Island Tortoise: Dome shaped shell and short neck as vegetation is closer to the ground

18. Through his observations made in the Galapagos Islands, Charles Darwin formulated a theory of how species change over time, called natural selection.

19. Knowledge Check
What was the name of the boat on which Darwin traveled?
What unique observation did Darwin make about the landscape of the Galapagos Islands?
What observations did Darwin make regarding the organisms living on the island?

20. Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

21. 1. Heritable Variation: Members of a population have heritable variations. (Inheritance of traits)

22. 2. Overpopulation: In a population, more individuals are produced than the environment can support. They compete for food and shelter. (overpopulation- struggle for survival).

23. Fitness: Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce
3. Survival of the Fittest: Some individuals have adaptive characteristics that enable them to survive and reproduce better than other individuals (survival of the fittest).
Fitness: Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce

24. 4. Adaptation: An increasing number of individuals in succeeding generations have these adaptive characteristics

25. Darwin described his theory in the form of a long essay which he called
“On the Origin of Species”.

26. Concerned about the public’s response to his ideas (remember what happened to Galileo)
Arranged to publish his work … AFTER HIS DEATH !!

27. He finally decided to publish his essay, “On The Origin of Species” in 1859

28. Charles Darwin
At age 50 (1859)
At age 65 (1874)

29. Charles Darwin
Before publication
After publication

30. Knowledge Check
What was the name of Darwin’s book? On what islands did Darwin make observations that lead him to develop his ideas about natural selection? Explain how natural selection can be observed in a population.

31. How does Evolution work?
Evolution is governed by the principles of genetics
It is a change in successive generations of organisms, due to:
random mutation
Adaptation
Natural selection
Extinction

32. MUTATIONS
Genetic mutations and variety produced by sexual reproduction allow for diversity within a given population.

33. Mutations are inheritable changes because a mutation is a change in the DNA code

34. Mutation
Mutations are important in how populations change over time because they result in genetic changes to the gene pool.

35. A mutation may result in change that is:
1. Favorable; improves a species’ ability to exist in its environment

36. 2. Unfavorable; does not improve a species’ ability to exist in its environment.

37. 3. Neutral; neither harms nor helps the species.

38. Adaptation
Adaptations are structures, functions, or behaviors that enable a species to survive.

39. Adaptation
Depending on the rate of adaptation, the rate of reproduction, and the environmental factors present, structural adaptations may take millions of years to develop.

40. Knowledge Check
What are the 3 types of changes that mutations can result in?
What is an adaptation? (HINT: It is a NOUN)

41. Natural Selection
the survival and reproduction of the individuals in a population that exhibit the traits that best enable them to survive in their environment.
The Survival of the Fittest

42. Natural Selection
Populations produce more offspring than the environment can support.

43. Natural Selection
This leads to competition for resources and individuals with certain genetic variations will be favored to survive and pass their variations on to the next generation.

44. Thousands to millions of years of natural selection
These five canine species evolved from a common ancestor through natural selection
Jackal
African wild dog
Wolf
Coyote
Fox
Thousands to millions of years of natural selection
Ancestral canine

45. This is called “artificial selection”
When humans choose organisms with specific characteristics as breeding stock, they are performing the role of the environment
This is called “artificial selection”
Example of artificial selection in plants: five vegetables derived from wild mustard

46. Artificial Selection in Animals: Dog Breeding
German shepherd
Yorkshire terrier
English springer spaniel
Mini-dachshund
Golden retriever
Hundreds to thousands of years of breeding (artificial selection)
Ancestral dog

47. Extinction
If a species does not include traits that enable it to survive in its environment or to survive changes in the environment, then the species may become extinct.

48. Individuals die, and eventually the species becomes extinct.

49. Knowledge Check What is another name for natural selection?
What is artificial selection?
What can lead to extinction in a population?

50. WARM UP
Explain how each process below can lead to evolutionary change.
Heritable Variation
Overpopulation
Survival of the Fittest
Adaptation

51. EVIDENCE
FOR
EVOLUTION

52. Darwin argued that living things have been evolving on earth for millions of years, and evidence could be found in:
the fossil record,
the geographical distribution of species
homologous structures of living organisms
Similarities in early development (embryology)

53. Fossil Record
Darwin saw fossils as a record of the history of life on Earth
By comparing fossils from older rock layers with fossils from younger layers, scientists could document the fact that life on Earth has changed over time.

54. The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution.
Petrified Trees
Hominid skulls

55. “Ice Man”
Scorpion in amber

56. Distribution of species
On his voyage, Darwin discovered many species of finches, all similar but distinctly different from one another based on where they were found
He eventually concluded that these finches had descended with modification from a common ancestor as populations adapted to different environments (adaptive radiation)

58. Allopatric Speciation
Geographic isolation/separation can lead to speciation (emergence of a new species)

59. Homologous Structures
Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues are called homologous structures; these structures provide support to Darwin’s theory of evolution
Darwin noted striking anatomical similarities among the body parts of animals with backbones; the limbs of reptiles, birds and mammals vary in form and function, yet they are all constructed from the same basic bones

60. Homologous Structures
Human
Cat
Whale
Bat

61. …Not to be confused with Analagous Structures
Structures in different species that have the same appearance, structure, or function but have evolved separately, thus do not share a common ancestor.
For example, birds and some insects have wings and both species use these for the same function, to fly. However, birds and insects evolved separately; they do not share a common ancestor.

63. Vestigial Structures
Homologous structures that apparently serve no function in an organism and are allegedly holdovers from an evolutionary past. Such features, though no longer useful, are presumed to have been useful in ancestral species.
They are vestiges, or traces of homologous structures in ancestral species

64. EX.: Wings in flightless birds

65. EX.: appendix in humans, whale pelvis, tiny snake pelvic and limb bones, and the eyes in cave-dwelling salamanders and fish that are completely blind.

66. Why do these structures hang around ?
Although they serve no purpose, one argument states that since these organs do not affect an organisms ability to survive and reproduce, natural selection would not cause their elimination.

67. Similarities in Embryology
Many species have very similar embryonic development.
The embryo of a chicken, a pig, and a fish are almost identical at certain points in their development.

69. Summary of Darwin’s Theory
Individual organisms differ, and some of this variation is heritable
Organisms produce more offspring than can survive, which leads to competition for limited resources
Organisms best suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully (and pass their traits on) causing a species to change over time (natural selection)
Species alive today are descended with modification from ancestral species