1. Warm Up
With your partner, write a sentence (20 words or less) using two of the following terms to show your knowledge of genetic engineering: * Transgenic Organisms, Recombinant DNA, Recombinant Bacteria, Selective Breeding, PCR, Gel Electrophoresis, Genetically Modified

2. Changes Over Time
SOL: BIO 8 a-e

3. Standard BIO 8 a-e The student will investigate and understand how populations change through time. Key concepts include:
a) evidence found in fossil records;
b) how genetic variation, reproductive strategies, and environmental pressures impact the survival of populations;
c) how natural selection leads to adaptations;
d) emergence of new species; and
e) scientific explanations for biological evolution.

4. Theory of Evolution
Science is made up of many ideas, theories, and laws. Many of these ideas have gone through many changes throughout the years.
Our job as life-long learners is to examine all the evidence concerning a particular topic.
Evolution is part of the Core Knowledge curriculum for Biology.
The origin of life is a sensitive subject for many people. There are many theories concerning the change in things over time.
You may hold a different view than what will be presented as part of the Core Knowledge curriculum.
Out goal is to explore the theory of evolution from a scientific standpoint, not to discount any other theories on the origin of life.

5. The Father of Evolution
Charles Darwin
The Father of Evolution

6. History Darwin’s World (1809 - 1875)
Height of the British colonial period.
Beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
New Ideas:
Taxonomy of Carolus Linnaeus
Lyell’s “Principles of Geology”

7. Binomial System of Nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778)
Believed in the “Fixity of Species”

8. Charles Lyell
Father of Geology

9. Charles Lyell’s view of the process of formation of sedimentary rock

10. Suggests that sedimentary rock is very old – therefore the species that are represented in this rock must also be old.
Most fossils are found in sedimentary rock.
Older fossils will be found below younger fossils.

11. Knowledge Check
Who was Linnaeus? Who was Lyell? If Lyell looked at fossils is a cross section of sediment, would the fossils more towards the surface be older or younger than those below? Why?

12. Charles Darwin
At the age of 22, he joined a 5 year expedition aboard the HMS Beagle to map the coast of South America

13. The voyage of the Beagle

14. Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution:
1. Members of a population have heritable variations. (Inheritance of traits)

15. 2. In a population, more individuals are produced than the environment can support. They compete for food and shelter. (overpopulation- struggle for survival).

16. 3. Some individuals have adaptive characteristics that enable them to survive and reproduce better than other individuals (survival of the fittest).

17. 4. An increasing number of individuals in succeeding generations have these adaptive characteristics (natural selection)

18. Knowledge Check
Summarize the four components of Darwin’s theory of evolution.

19. Darwin described his theory in the form of a long essay which he called
“On the Origin of Species”.

20. Concerned about the public’s response to his ideas (remember what happened to Galileo)
Arranged to publish his work … AFTER HIS DEATH !!

21. Publication of “On The Origin of Species” in 1859

22. Charles Darwin
At age 50 (1859)
At age 65 (1874)

23. Charles Darwin
Before publication
After publication

24. Through his observations made in the Galapagos Islands, Charles Darwin formulated a theory of how species change over time, called natural selection.

26. Natural selection is governed by the principles of genetics.
The change in the frequency of a gene in a given population leads to a change in a population and may result in the emergence of a new species.
Natural selection operates on populations over many generations.

27. Knowledge Check
What was the name of Darwin’s book? On what island did Darwin make observations that lead him to develop his ideas about natural selection? Explain how natural selection can be observed in a population. (Think Hardy Weinberg)

28. Evolution
A change in successive generations of organisms, due to random mutation and changes in the organisms’ surroundings

29. Evolution takes place through a set of processes that include:
mutation,
adaptation,
natural selection,
extinction.

30. Mutation
Genetic mutations and variety produced by sexual reproduction allow for diversity within a given population.
Many factors can cause a change in a gene over time.

31. Mutation
Mutations are important in how populations change over time because they result in genetic changes to the gene pool.

32. Mutations are inheritable changes because a mutation is a change in the DNA code

33. Mutation- a change in the DNA
A mutation may result in a:
1. favorable change or adaptation in genetic information that improves a species’ ability to exist in its environment

34. Mutation- a change in the DNA
2. an unfavorable change that does not improve a species’ ability to exist in its environment.

35. Mutation- a change in the DNA
3. in a change in the genetic information that neither harms nor helps the species.

36. Adaptation
Adaptations are structures, functions, or behaviors that enable a species to survive.

37. Adaptation
Depending on the rate of adaptation, the rate of reproduction, and the environmental factors present, structural adaptations may take millions of years to develop.

38. Natural Selection
the survival and reproduction of the individuals in a population that exhibit the traits that best enable them to survive in their environment.
The Survival of the Fittest

39. Natural Selection
Populations produce more offspring than the environment can support.

40. Natural Selection
The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to the gradual change in a population, generation after generation over many generations.

41. Natural Selection
Organisms with certain genetic variations will be favored to survive and pass their variations on to the next generation.

42. Thousands to millions of years of natural selection
These five canine species evolved from a common ancestor through natural selection
Jackal
African wild dog
Wolf
Coyote
Fox
Thousands to millions of years of natural selection
Ancestral canine

43. This is called “artificial selection”
When humans choose organisms with specific characteristics as breeding stock, they are performing the role of the environment
This is called “artificial selection”
Example of artificial selection in plants: five vegetables derived from wild mustard

44. Artificial Selection in Animals: Dog Breeding
German shepherd
Yorkshire terrier
English springer spaniel
Mini-dachshund
Golden retriever
Hundreds to thousands of years of breeding (artificial selection)
Ancestral dog

45. Insecticide application
The evolution of insecticide resistance is an example of natural selection in action
Chromosome with gene conferring resistance to insecticide
Additional applications of the same insecticide will be less effective, and the frequency of resistant insects in the population will grow
Insecticide application
Survivor

46. Knowledge Check
What is evolution? Identify the four processes of evolution. Explain how each process can lead to evolutionary change.

47. Extinction
no longer in existence; "the extinction of a species"

48. If a species does not include traits that enable it to survive in its environment or to survive changes in the environment, then the species may become extinct.

49. Individuals die, a species becomes extinct.

50. Individuals of a population exhibit a range of variations in a trait as a result of the variations in their genetic codes.

52. The evidence for evolution is drawn from a variety of sources of data, including:
the fossil record,
radiometric dating,
genetic information,
the distribution of organisms,
anatomical and developmental similarities across species.

53. Fossil Record
Although there is not a complete record of ancient life for the past 3.5 billion years, a great deal of modern knowledge about the history of life comes from the fossil record.

54. The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution.
Petrified Trees
Hominid skulls

55. Fossilized organic matter in a leaf
Ammonite casts

56. “Ice Man”
Scorpion in amber

57. Distribution of species
Most marsupials live in Australia
This supports the theory of continental drift.

58. Distribution of species

59. Geographic isolation can lead to speciation

60. Species
Organisms that can breed and produce FERTILE offspring.

61. Adaptive Radiation
where species all deriving from a common ancestor have over time successfully adapted to their environment via natural selection

62. Homologous Structures
 Body parts in different organisms that have similar bones and similar arrangements of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves and undergo similar embryological development, but do not necessarily serve the same function; e.g., the flipper of a whale and the forelimb of a horse.

63. Homologous Structures
Human
Cat
Whale
Bat

65. Vestigial Structures
Features that apparently serve no function in an organism and are allegedly holdovers from an evolutionary past. Such features, though no longer useful, are presumed to have been useful in ancestral species.

66. EX.: Wings in flightless birds

67. EX.: appendix in humans, whale pelvis, tiny snake pelvic and limb bones, and the eyes in cave-dwelling salamanders and fish that are completely blind.

68. Developmental Similarities
Many species have very similar embryonic development.
The embryo of a chicken, a pig, and a fish are almost identical at certain points in their development.

70. Stephen Jay Gould’s idea of punctuated equilibrium proposes that organisms may undergo rapid (in geologic time) bursts of speciation followed by long periods of time unchanged.
This view is in contrast to the traditional evolutionary view of gradual and continuous change