1. Unit 11: Abnormal Psychology Day 3: Mood Disorders
DAILY COMMENTARY (in a spiral notebook!):
What does it mean to be depressed?
Bi-polar?
Essential Question
What does it mean to label a behavior as abnormal?
Objectives (write this down!):
I can: define the etiology and diagnostic criteria for mood disorders

2. Unit 11: Abnormal Psychology Day 3: Mood Disorders
Turn In:
RJ 11.3
For Tonight:
Read pages ; & other relevant sections for your disorder
do RJ 11.4 & 11.5
Today: DC
Identifying Anxiety Disorders
Notes
Glogster & Research

3. Disorders & Therapies Project
See handout & detailed posting on class website
Select 3 disorders within one category
Research them extensively. Focus on:
diagnostic criteria (symptoms)
Course & prevalence (when it sets in, how common it is)
Etiology (causes)
Treatment (medical, therapies, etc.); at least 3 options each
Design interactive, multimedia presentation to the class on each of your assigned disorders. You will present at least one.
Therapies: Creative Component:
skits/discussions of therapeutic choices for a variety of disorders

4. Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
Anxiety Disorders
Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
Generalized anxiety disorders
Phobias
Panic disorders
Obsessive-compulsive disorders
OBJECTIVE 5| Define anxiety disorder, and explain how this condition differs from normal feelings of stress, tension, or uneasiness.

5. Kinds of Phobias Agoraphobia Phobia of open places. Acrophobia
Phobia of heights.
Claustrophobia
Phobia of closed spaces.
Hemophobia
Phobia of blood.

6. Brain Imaging
A PET scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High metabolic activity (red) in the frontal lobe areas are involved with directing attention.
Brain image of an OCD

7. Explaining Anxiety Disorders
Freud suggested that we repress our painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, resulting in anxiety.
OBJECTIVE 10| Discuss the contributions of the learning and biological perspectives to our understanding of the development of anxiety disorders.

8. The Learning Perspective
Learning theorists suggest that fear conditioning leads to anxiety. This anxiety then becomes associated with other objects or events (stimulus generalization) and is reinforced.
John Coletti/ Stock, Boston

9. The Learning Perspective
Investigators believe that fear responses are inculcated through observational learning. Young monkeys develop fear when they watch other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.

10. The Biological Perspective
Natural Selection has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals. Therefore, fear preserves the species.
Twin studies suggest that our genes may be partly responsible for developing fears and anxiety. Twins are more likely to share phobias.

11. The Biological Perspective
Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and even OCD are linked with brain circuits like the anterior cingulate cortex.
GABA plays a key role
S. Ursu, V.A. Stenger, M.K. Shear, M.R. Jones, & C.S. Carter (2003). Overactive action
monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Science, 14,
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
of an OCD patient.

12. Emotional extremes of mood disorders come in two principal forms.
Major depressive disorder
Bipolar disorder
OBJECTIVE 12| Define mood disorders, and contrast major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.

13. Biological Perspective
Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in families. The rate of depression is higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%).
Linkage analysis and association studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression.
OBJECTIVE 14| Summarize the contribution of the biological perspective to the study of depression, and discuss the link between suicide and depression.
Jerry Irwin Photography

14. Neurotransmitters & Depression
A reduction of norepinephrine and serotonin has been found in depression.
Drugs that alleviate mania reduce norepinephrine.
Pre-synaptic
Neuron
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Post-synaptic
Neuron

15. The Depressed Brain
PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with manic and depressive episodes.
Courtesy of Lewis Baxter an Michael E.
Phelps, UCLA School of Medicine

16. Explaining Mood Disorders
Since depression is so prevalent worldwide, investigators want to develop a theory of depression that will suggest ways to treat it.
Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1995) note that a theory of depression should explain the following:
OBJECTIVE 13| Discuss the facts that an acceptable theory of depression must explain.
Behavioral and cognitive changes
Common causes of depression

17. Major Depressive Disorder
Depression is the “common cold” of psychological disorders. In a year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women report depression worldwide (WHO, 2002).
Blue mood
Major Depressive Disorder
Gasping for air after a hard run
Chronic shortness of breath

18. Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions.
Signs include:
Lethargy and fatigue
Feelings of worthlessness
Loss of interest in family & friends
Loss of interest in activities

19. Major Depressive Disorder
Gender differences

20. Social-Cognitive Perspective
The social-cognitive perspective suggests that depression arises partly from self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles.
OBJECTIVE 15| Summarize the contribution of the social-cognitive perspective to the study of depression, and describe the events in the cycle of depression.

21. Depression Cycle Negative stressful events.
Pessimistic explanatory style.
Hopeless depressed state.
These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection.

22. Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.
Example
Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.

23. Dysthymic Disorder
Dysthymic disorder lies between a blue mood and major depressive disorder. It is a disorder characterized by daily depression lasting two years or more.
Major Depressive
Disorder
Blue
Mood
Dysthymic

24. Inability to make decisions
Bipolar Disorder
Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and mania signals bipolar disorder.
Depressive Symptoms
Manic Symptoms
Gloomy
Elation
Withdrawn
Euphoria
Inability to make decisions
Desire for action
Tired
Hyperactive
Slowness of thought
Multiple ideas

25. Bipolar Disorder
Many great writers, poets, and composers suffered from bipolar disorder. During their manic phase creativity surged, but not during their depressed phase.
Whitman
Wolfe
Clemens
Hemingway
George C. Beresford/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library
Earl Theissen/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library
The Granger Collection
Bettmann/ Corbis

26. Suicide
The most severe form of behavioral response to depression is suicide.
Each year some 1 million people commit suicide worldwide.
Individuals with bi-polar also have high suicide rates, particularly during manic periods
National differences
Racial differences
Gender differences
Age differences
Other differences
Suicide Statistics