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Published byLucas Rice Modified over 9 years ago
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HEAT ENERGY TRANSFER AND AIR TEMPERATURE
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As we have seen, Earth’s Weather and Climate are the results of the intricate interrelationships between the Earth and the Sun, and between the components of our Atmosphere and Geosphere:
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And we considered the definitions of Weather and Climate Weather: refers to the condition of atmospheric elements at a given time, and for a specific area. Climate: average of weather conditions for 30+ years (including atmospheric anomalies). We also asked the obvious question: How does Insolation relate to Heat Energy Transfer and to Weather and Climate phenomena on Earth?
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Now, Let’s Recall the 5+ Basic Elements of the Atmosphere – the main ingredients of weather and climate -- Also called Elements of Weather and Climate In this segment, we’ll discuss the first two elements: Solar Energy -- Insolation and Heat Energy Transfer Temperature Temperature Pressure Wind Precipitation + Air Masses (and Fronts)
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Heat and Temperature Heat vs. Temperature: Heat is the total kinetic energy of all the atoms that make up a substance, while Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the individual molecules of a substance. Heat is measured in Calories per gram Temperature in Fahrenheit, Celsius or Kelvin scales. Heating the Atmosphere: Creation of atmospheric warmth depends on: the 47% of insolation reaching Earth’s surface (on both land and water); and the transfer of heat energy from Earth back to the Atmosphere.
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Processes of Heat Energy Transfer This is accomplished through a number of Physical Processes: Radiation: electromagnetic energy transferred from the sun (shortwave solar radiation), and through Earth radiation (long-wave infrared radiation). Conduction: Heat flows from hotter to colder body to equalize temperature, as along the interface of atmosphere and Earth’s surface [But this process is less significant because air is not a good conductor of heat]
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Convection: vertical transfer of heat through the atmosphere and ocean, in the form of convection currents Advection: horizontal heat transfer, e.g., from Equator to Polar regions, through wind and ocean currents Latent Heat of Condensation: Latent Heat of Evaporation → Water Vapor (traps Heat) ↓ Latent Heat of Condensation → Water droplets (releases heat) plays a major role in energy transfer within the Earth System; the power of all severe weather is supplied by this process.
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6 Controls of Temperature Often called Factors of Weather and Climate Latitude Land and Water Distribution Ocean Currents Altitude Landform Barriers (Cloud Cover) Human Activity – Destruction of forests, creation of reservoirs, urbanization (“Urban Heat Islands”) Broad Oceanic Circulation Patterns
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1.Short-term Variations in Temperature, due to: Annual and Diurnal Annual and Diurnal variations in Insolation Cloud Cover Cloud Cover – about 50% average cloud cover – cooler days, warmer nights Differential Heating of Land and Water Differential Heating of Land and Water – Maritime vs. Continental locations Reflection Reflection – albedo – high in snow and ice, low in forest cover Horizontal Air Movement Variations in Temperature
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2. Vertical Distribution of Temperature, reflected in: Normal Lapse Rate (3.6 o F/1000 ft) Temperature Inversions, e.g., in coastal areas, as in L.A. Surface Inversions – in the hilly areas – Fog and Frost
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3. Global Temperature Distribution manifested through: Isotherm Maps Temperature Gradient Annual March of Temperatures Climographs
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Annual March of Temperatures (Climographs)
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