1. Mayeesha YH Tseng Ph.D Candidate Institute of Health Policy and Management National Taiwan University 1

2. 1. Agree 2. Disagree 2

3. 3 Growth of life expectancy by increase of GDP/capita in Bangladesh, Japan and USA, 1960-2008

4. 1. Can’t do or demand anything. 2. Government should ensure universal health care, despite the ability to pay. 3. Charity organizations should offer help. 4. Sell all properties to buy back health. 5. Borrow money from friends or bank for treatment. 4

5. 1. Government service is trustworthy. 2. It is cheap. 3. It offers quality care. 4. It is close to where you live or work. 5. It ensures privacy. 5

6. 1. Private service is trustworthy. 2. It offers quality care. 3. It is cheap. 4. It is close to where you live or work. 5. It ensures privacy. 6. Doctors give you more time. 6

7. 1. Healthy people contribute to economic growth and productivity. 2. Health itself is important. (health as an end) 3. Health is a tool that enables us to live a life we value. (health as a means) 7

8. 8

9. Poverty & Health MICROCREDIT A global movement 9

10. Microcredit: specially designed collateral free, small loans for the poor who have no access to loan. Also referred to as Microfinance. 10

11. Microcredit: from 1976 to 2012 11 RegionTotal clientsPoorest women clients Asia & the Pacific169,125,878104,752,430 Latin America & the Caribbean13,847,9872,363,100 Sub-Saharan Africa12,692,5794,783,256 Middle East & North Africa4,290,7351,165,358 Developing World Totals199,975,179113,064,144 (Microcredit Summit Report 2012)

12. Banks do not have microcredit programs. Conventional banks don’t offer microloans. Micro Finance Institutions (MFI) : An NGO (Non-governmental organizations ) that runs Microcredit program 3,589 microfinance institutions (MFIs) in 145 countries Who operates Microcredit program? 12

13. Characteristics of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) 1. Rural based 2. Integrated network with grassroots communities 3. Motivate poor women 4. Skill in group formation 5. Conflict resolution capacity 6. Comprehensive monitoring system 13

14. Microcredit in Bangladesh 14

15. Credit Where Credit’s Due A documentary (23 min) 15

16. 98% of microcredit borrowers are poor village women 16

17. Income Generating Activities 17

18. Technology 18

19. Graduation From Home to Factory - Business Center 19

20. Why Women? 20

21. 1. Every subgroup is a solidarity group in a rural setting 2. Within NT$5,000, everyone will propose an income generating plan 3. Pay back NT$5,750 in 51 weekly installments 4. Smooth repayment ensures disbursement for the next group member 5. Group leader is the last to borrow 6. MFIs give no suggestion about your investment 7. At the end of discussion, group leaders report business profiles of your group to TAs 21

22. 1A1B2A2B3A3B4A4B5A5B Raise cow Grocery 22

23.  On women?  On children?  On family?  On health?  On economy?  On society?  On others? 23 Identify at least 2 aspects

24. Study Design Impact on poverty alleviation Impact on women’s empowerment Impact on health Impact on other outcomes Review Steward (2010) ± Hermes (2011) ± Steward (2010) ＋ Hermes (2011) ＋ Leatherman(2011) ＋ Steward (2010) ＋ Schurmann (2009) ＋ Lund (2011) － Cross- sectional Survey Nawaz (2010) ＋ Panda (2009) ＋ Kotir (2009) － Mahmud (2003) ＋ Nawaz (2010) ＋ Pitt (2003) ＋ Ahmed (2002) ＋ De Silva (2007) － Ahmed (2001)** n/e Panel Karlan (2011) － Khandker (2005) ＋ Amin (2003) － Karlan (2011) － Berhane (2011) ＋ [housing] critique, commentary, anthropology, Policy analysis Lashley (2008) ＋ Bond (2007) － Mohindra (2005) ＋ Bond (2007) － Rahman (1999) － Goetz (1996) － Pronyk (2007) ＋ Mohindra (2008) ＋ Mohindra (2005) ＋ Bond (2007) － Dowla (2006) － [social capital] 24

25. 1. MFIs run private clinics/hospitals for its clients  WHY?  GOOD OR BAD? 2. Microcredit borrowers run pharmacies and clinics.  GOOD OR BAD? 25

26. 26