1. The Inequality-adjusted HDI: Going Backwards in the Measurement of Human Development? Pedro Conceição Chief-Economist, Regional Bureau for Africa, UNDP Second Conference on Measuring Progress

2. What do we Talk About when we Talk About Inequality? A statistical measure that characterizes the dispersion in the distribution of some attribute – the second moment of the distribution… or …a summary measure of the “loss in the social objective as compared to the potential degree of achievement, [with] this loss [being] interpreted as the loss that can be attributed to inequalities.” Bossert, D’Ambrosio, and Grenier. 2013. “Measuring Inequality in Human Development: Comments and Suggestions.”

3. Back to Basics “[…]a common interpretation of the [Atkinson] approach is welfare-based.” (p. 10) Bossert, D’Ambrosio, and Grenier. 2013. “Measuring Inequality in Human Development: Comments and Suggestions.” “[…] any measurement on inequality involves judgments about social welfare.” (p. 257) Anthony. B. Atkinson. 1970. “On the Measurement of Inequality.” Journal of Economic Theory. (2): 244-263.

4. Revisiting Atkinson The goal is to measure inequality to rank income distributions in accordance with their implications for welfare, not based on arbitrary statistics of income inequality, of which there are many (Gini, Theil and other entropy-based measures, CV, V, …), yielding different rankings.

5. Social Welfare Frequency distribution.Utility function. Income is an argument of both functions.

6. Measuring Inequality

7. Atkinson’s Proposal

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11. Aversion to Inequality has Policy Implications Source: Francesca Bastagli, David Coady, and Sanjeev Gupta. 2012. “Income Inequality and Fiscal Policy.” IMF Staff Discussion Note.

12. Can we Extend this to Health and Education? Would societies be willing to shorten some people’s lives or lower their educational achievements to lower health or education inequality? The HDI “discounted” income with health and education achievement. In the HD approach, health and education are not instrumental (only), but actual measures of welfare, yet we are analyzing their distribution as we do for income, which is instrumental. Is this taking us backward in the measurement of human development?

14. The Utility Function y U(y)