1. Year 11 Physical Education AS 1.2 Credits: 5 Miss Sandri
Biomechanics
Year 11 Physical Education
AS 1.2
Credits: 5
Miss Sandri

2. HOSE 16 x Lessons CALENDAR AUGUST 2013 CALENDAR SEPTEMBER 2013
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
FRIDAY 12 13 14 15 16 19 20 21 22 23 26 27 28 29 30
BIOMECANICS Force Summation
Force Summation *Practical*
No Lesson
Hose- Theory
Hose- Practical
Newton’s Laws
Theory
Practical- Cross Country OR Frisbee Golf
Projectile Motion/ Leavers
Practical- Volleyball
No Lesson
PHYSIOLOGY
STARTS
No Lesson
CALENDAR SEPTEMBER 2013 2 3 4 5 6 9 10 11 12 13 16 17 18 19
No Lesson
No Lesson
Revision
Revision
Study Leave
EXAM
1.20pm

3. BRADLEY 14 x Lessons CALENDAR AUGUST 2013 CALENDAR SEPTEMBER 2013
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
FRIDAY 12 13 14 15 16 19 20 21 22 23 26 27 28 29 30
Force Summation/ Practical
Bradley- Cross Country
Bradley- Anatomy
Bradley- Anatomy
No Lesson
Stability/ Force Summation
Force Summation- Frisbee Golf
Newton's Laws of Motion
Practical Session-Volleyball
No Lesson
Biomechanics Revision & Intro to PHYSIOLOGY
Cross Country- No class 
No Lesson
CALENDAR SEPTEMBER 2013 2 3 4 5 6 9 10 11 12 13 16 17 18 19
No Lesson
Revision
Revision
Study Leave
EXAM
1.20pm

4. Forces are the basis for all movement.
Biomechanics
Biomechanics is the study of forces and their effects on the human body during movement.
Forces are the basis for all movement.

5. Body Types Ectomorph: Mesomorph: Endomorph: Tall and slender
Very little muscle
Basketball
Mesomorph:
Muscular and athletic
Strength and endurance
Athletics
Endomorph:
Short and high proportion of fat
Short duration
Swimming, sumo, power lifting

6. Biomechanics Balance and Stability Force Summation Newton’s Laws
Projectile Motion
Levers

7. 1. Balance and Stability Centre of Gravity (CoG) Base of Support (BoS)
Line of Gravity (LoG)

8. Centre of Gravity
The point at which all parts of an object are equally balanced.
Standing up right our centre of gravity is around our navel.
The centre of gravity changes depending upon what position the body is in.
The centre of gravity can lie outside an object.
Generally, the lower the COG the more stable an object will be.

9. Base of Support
The area within an object’s point of contact with the ground.
Generally, the larger the area the base of support covers, the more stable an object will be.

10. Line of Gravity
The vertical line that passes through the centre of gravity to the ground.
The line of gravity is important when determining the stability of an object.
If the line of gravity falls within an object’s base of support the object is relatively stable.

11. Stability Summary COG, BOS & LOG
Key points- to maximise stability you should…
Lower the _____
Increase the size of the ____
Keep the ____ within the ____
The _____ passes within the ____
Lets think of some sporting examples…
COG
BOS
LOG
BOS
LOG
COG

12. 2. Force Summation To give an object momentum in activities such as
throwing, kicking or
striking an object,
the amount of
momentum given to the object is determined by
‘the sum of all forces generated by each body part’.
2 mins

13. Principles of Force Summation…
Use the greatest number of body segments or muscle groups as possible.
In the correct sequence, use large muscle
groups first and then the small muscles
last, but fast.
Use the correct timing of the body
segments or muscle groups.
5 mins

14. Force Summation Stop the video at 7.25mins
10 mins
Stop the video at 7.25mins

15. Research Task Collect a work sheet and follow the instructions
When finished, come back into
the classroom.
Do now/ for homework:
Using the information you have acquired surrounding force summation, and in table 1, describe your findings and give explanations as to why the throw distance may vary. Use the principles of force summation to explain your answer.
DUE:
Finished?? See me!
30 minutes

16. 3. Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion
Sir Isaac Newton
Explains the relationship between the forces
acting on a body and the motion of a body.

17. Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion
1st BOX: Key words, definition. 2nd BOX: Sports related diagram. 3rd BOX: Connecting the two.

18. Law 1: Inertia Law 1: Inertia- an object remains at rest or in
motion unless acted upon by an external force.

19. Law 1: Inertia
Inertia is an objects resistance to change in motion. An objects inertia is proportional to it’s weight (mass).
The heavier the object, the more inertia it has.
Sporting example…

22. Law 2: Acceleration
Law 2: Acceleration- the acceleration of an object is dependant on the mass, size and direction of the force acting upon it.
force = mass x acceleration [ f = m x a ]
Unpack this sentence

23. Law 2: Acceleration
When a force is applied to an object, it will move in the direction the force was applied.
Depending on the size/ mass of the object, it will accelerate accordingly.
The smaller the object the faster it will accelerate.
The larger the mass, the slower the acceleration.

24. Law 3: Action/Reaction
Law 3: Action- reaction- whenever a force is applied there is an equal and opposite reaction.

25. Law 3: Action/ Reaction
If an athlete exerts a force onto the ground in order to push off, the ground will exert an equal and opposite force on the athlete, pushing them up into the air.
Action force
Reaction force

27. Example- Swimming Think about a swimmer:
a) When would Newton’s 3 laws take place?
b) How could Newton’s 3 laws of motion help their
performance?

29. Summary: Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion
Sir Isaac Newton
Explains the relationship between the forces acting
on a body and the motion of a body.
Law 1: Inertia- an object remains at rest or in
motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Law 2: Acceleration- the acceleration of an object is dependant on the mass, size and direction of the force acting upon it.
Law 3: Action- reaction- whenever a force is applied there is an equal and opposite reaction.

30. 4. Projectile Motion Principles of Flight (Projectile Motion)
A projectile is an object upon which the only force acting is gravity (for the purposes of this unit we assume air resistance is negligible). This means that even you can be a projectile if you leave the ground!

31. Projectile Motion
When maximum distance is required there are 3 things that will influence the distance of the projectile.
Height of release.
Speed of release.
Angle of release

32. Height of Release
For a given speed and angle of release, the greater the height of release the greater the distance gained.
Question 1 & 2

33. Speed of Release
For any given angle of release, speed of release makes a considerable difference to the distance a projectile will travel.
Connection to force summation.
Question 3

34. Angle of Release
When throwing for distance- 45degrees is the ultimate angle.
Question 4

35. 5. Levers
Leavers help apply force as they can move greater loads with a set amount of force.
Most levers have three clearly identified parts:
The pivot (or fulcrum)
The load (resistance)
The effort (force)

36. Three Types of Levers First Class Lever
e.g. see saw, rower, leg press etc.
Question 5
2. Second Class Lever e.g. a wheel barrow Question 6

37. Third Class Lever
The third class lever is the most applicable to sports biomechanics.
Any instrument such as a bat, club, arm, leg etc could be considered a third class lever.
Question 7 & 8

38. Levers Which one has more control?
Longer levers result in more speed, beneficial for striking and throwing objects.
Shorter levers result in greater strength, beneficial for pushing, pulling, and lifting objects.
Which one has more control?
Try writing with your pen with your hand holding the top of it.
Question 9

39. Summary Projectile Motion Levers Height of release Angle of release
Speed of release
Levers
First class
Second class
Third class (THE MOST IMPORTANT)
Longer levers= increased speed
Shorter levers= greater strength