1. Computer Organization
David Monismith
Jan. 12, 2015
Based on notes from Dr. Bill Siever and from the Patterson and Hennessy Text

2. Before we start with notes
Syllabus Review
Class Roll

3. Recommendations Take notes in class
I'll use pptx slides and write on the white board
Outline of class notes should be posted online before each class
I will make mistakes, feel free to correct me as necessary
Start on assignments early
Why?
Programming is a nonlinear process
The amount of effort put into a project doesn't always correlate linearly with the results
Attend class
Attend office hours and help sessions if you get stuck
Don't give up!

4. What is Computer Organization?
How system internals are organized, how a computer works, design tradeoffs
Basic parts of a computer are CPU, Interconnect, Main Memory, Secondary Storage, and I/O
We will discuss layering of software, hardware, and programming tools
Application layer resides atop Operating System
Operating System manages resources to interact with hardware

5. Programs as Layers High level language (like Java)
Assembly language (low level language between what the machine understands and high level language)
add r1, r2, r3
Machine Code (code the computer understands)
Zeroes and ones

6. Hardware Layers Basic computer parts (CPU, Main Memory, etc.)
Subsystems/Sub-components (ALU, Control Unit, Registers, etc.)
Logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NOR, XOR, etc.)
Electrical/Electronic Circuits (resistors, capacitors, transistors, diodes, amplifiers, etc.)
Be aware that hardware is one layer out of many that exist in a computer.
Software is another layer.

7. Course Overview
Computer Organization - internal organization of a computer, what are the basic components, how does a computer work, what are the tradeoffs in design, etc.
Building blocks of a computer
Machine Representation of Data
Digital Logic
State Machines
Performance Measures
Memory Organization
Communication between components
Advanced topics

8. Course Overview – Building Blocks
Logic gates – and, or, not, nor, xor, nand, etc.
Flip-flops – not the kind you wear
Used to store a bit
Registers – not the kind for cash
Fast memory to store data on the CPU
Interconnects – used to connect components together (e.g. CPU and Main Memory)
Control – how to make things happen in the computer
Memory – data storage (temporary, semi permanent, and permanent)

9. Course Overview – Machine Representation of Data
Bits, bytes, words
Number bases
Low-level machine organization
von Neumann machine
control unit
instruction sets and types

10. Course Overview – Digital Logic
Boolean algebra
Logical expressions
Logic gates
Clocks

11. Course Overview – Performance Measures
Cycles Per Instruction (CPI)
Floating Point Operations Per Second (FLOPS)
Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS)
Average Memory Access Time (AMAT)
Speedup
And many more…

12. Course Overview – State Machines and Memory Organization
Mealy and Moore Machines
Deterministic vs. Non-Deterministic
Memory
Cache (memory on CPU)
Main Memory (e.g. RAM)
Secondary Memory (Hard disks and SSDs)
Data structures for management including Translation Lookaside Buffer

13. Course Overview - Advanced Topics
Parallelism (implicit and explicit)
Multiprocessing
Pipelining
Superscalar Architectures
SIMD instructions
CUDA
And more…

14. Software Tools MARS JLS Linux Assembly Language IDE for MIPS Simulator
MIPS = Microprocessor without interlocked pipeline
JLS
A Digital Logic simulator
Can simulate gates (AND, OR, NOT, etc.)
Simulate parts of the CPU (Control Unit, ALU, etc.)
Linux

15. Hardware Tools Breadboards Physical logic gates and wiring
Used to power and build real logical circuits, microcontrollers and very simple computers
Physical logic gates and wiring
LittleFe – a cluster computer for educational use
Your laptops and university desktops

16. A Brief History of Computers
Computers are used for symbolic manipulation
Symbols are used to represent an idea
Hieroglyphs and abacus used to keep track of trading, crops, money in agrarian societies
Need to keep track of information!

17. Early Symbolic Manipulators
Written symbols
Abacus and Slide rule
Difference Engine and Analytical Engine (Charles Babbage) (1830s s)
Ada Lovelace recognized as the first programmer for programs for Babbage's invention
Joseph Jacquard developed a loom that could follow a process in 1810
Pascal developed adding machines in the 1600's

18. Early Computers Large, power hungry, and slow Filled entire buildings
ENIAC (mid 1940's) by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
Used to find artillery range based upon trajectories
Grace Hopper recorded the first computer bug (a moth) in 1945
She helped to coin the term debugging
UNIVAC (1951) was used by US Census Bureau

19. Next time
More history and introduction to performance