1. Software of Information Systems Hun Myoung Park, Ph.D., Public Management and Policy Analysis Program Graduate School of International Relations International University of Japan

2. Outline  Computer Software  System Software  Operating Systems  Application Software  Software License  Open Source Software  Software Selection 2

3. Computer Software  Tell computer hardware to do what you want.  Computer programs that instruct computer hardware to perform designated tasks.  A well organized set of instructions written in computer languages to achieve particular goals and then complied by a translator  Systems software and application software 3

5. System Software 5

6.  To control computer systems  Bridge between hardware and application software  Not to perform specific tasks you want to do  Operating systems  Utility programs  Language translators 6

7. Operating Systems 1  Platform or computing environment  Kernel performs core functions  Managing programs, memory, data (files), I/O devices (network), and interfacing with users.  Multitasking, multiprogrammings (multi-users), mutiprocessing (parallel processing) 7

8. Operating Systems  Server  Parallel CPU, virtualization  BIOS, bootstrap routine  Diagnostic routine  JCL (Job control language) 8

9. User Interface  Interacts between users and OS (kernel)  Often integrated into OS  Command line (text based) versus desktop environment  Graphical user interface (GUI) 9

10. Graphical User Interface  KDE (1996), desktop environment  GNOME (1999), GNU (GNU’s Not Unix) Network object model environment  Mac OS (1984)  X Window System (1984) by MIT  Microsoft Windows (1985), version 3.1 in 1992 10

11. Development of OS 1  UNIX (1969) by AT&T  Apple DOS (1978)  CP/M (1980)  PC-DOS by IBM (1981), Microsoft DOS (1981)  Netware (1983) by Novell  Mac OS (1984)  Microsoft Windows (1985) 3.x/95/98  OS/2 (Warp) by IBM since 1987 11

12. Development of OS 2  NEXTSTEP (1989)  SunOS/Solaris (1992)  GNU/Linux (1992)  Microsoft NT/2000/XP/Vista/7/8  Embedded and mobile editions (e.g., Blackberry OS, iOS, embedded Linux, or Window mobile or Window phone) 12

13. Utilities  Backup/recovery utilities  Compression utilities  Diagnostic program  Security/Spam-filtering utilities  Drivers 13

14. Language Translators  Assembler for assembly language  Compiler (batch)  Interpreter (interactive) 14

15. Application Software 15

16. Application Software  Perform specific tasks  Do actually what you want  Match between operating systems and application software (e.g., platform and word size matter)  For example, a 32bit application software does not work perfectly in a 64bit operating system) 16

17. Basic Application Software  Wordprocessor: WordPerfect, Microsoft Word, LibreOffice (StarOffice)  Spreadsheet: VisiCalc, Lotus 1-2-3, Microsoft Excel, Quattro, Quattro Pro  Database: dBase III+, FoxBase, FoxPro, Microsoft Access, DBII, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, MySql 17

18. Other Application Software  Statistics and mathematics: SAS and Stata  Presentation  Graphics: Adobe photoshop  Geographic information system (GIS)  Desktop publishing  Video, audio, gaming, … 18

19. Types of Software  Off the shelf (ready made) versus customized software (house made)  Proprietary versus open source software  Web-based, mobile software  Software suits: MS Office, Corel WordPerfect Office, Lotus symphony, LibreOffice, Oracle OpenOffice (StarOffice), Apple iWork 19

20. Software Copyright 1  “Exclusive legal right that prohibits copying of intellectual property rights without permission of the copyright holder”  Software as a sort of public goods  market failures  less software produced than needed  Are they “ bad Samaritans? ” 20

21. Software Copyright 2  Software piracy (unauthorized copying of copyrighted software)  Network piracy (electronic networks to distribute unauthorized copyrighted materials)  Plagiarism (expropriation of text, images, findings, interpretations, etc. of other peoples) 21

22. Software License 1  A “legal instrument (contract) governing the use or distribution of software” (Wiki)  “When people purchase software, they don’t actually own the software” (p.167)  They just get official permission to use and distribute software. 22

23. Software License 2  Fixed time versus perpetual license  Single versus multiple users license  Stand-alone versus network license  Site license (anyone on the particular site)  Concurrent use license limits the number of users who can use the software at the same time. Managed by a license server 23

24. Software License 3  Proprietary (commercial) license  Free license  Shareware (fee to get better service),  Public domain license (donated to public domain)  Open source license (copyleft) 24

25. Open Source Software 1  Source codes are open to the public (users)  Non-proprietary software,  GNU general public license (GPL), BSD and MIT licenses  Free software foundation in 1985  Open source initiative in 1998 by Eric S. Raymond 25

26. Open Source Software 2  Source codes are open but copyrighted  Thus, often called “ Copyleft ”  Free copy, modification, distribution in general  Oftentimes, not free to use commercially (e.g., MySql) despite free download and installation.  Linux, Apache, Firefox, OpenOffice, etc. 26

27. Software Selection  Natures or characteristics of a task  Standardization and compatibility (interlocking or lock-in effect)  Customized versus off-the-self S/W  Proprietary versus open source S/W  License types  Combination of system software and application software 27

28. Lessons  Software dominance  System software for server  Open source movement (Linux, Apache, Firefox, etc.) and anti-monopoly  Intellectual property right: good or bad Samaritans?  Lock-in effect and education 28