1. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 Example 1: Sunny Summer Beverages produces and bottles a variety of fruit juices. For every dollar worth of juice it produces, it keeps $.04 worth of juice in house to help keep the workers hydrated and happy. If the company produces $200 worth of juice, how much will be available for sale?

2. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 Example 1: Sunny Summer Beverages Recall that we can calculate the Demand if we know the Production and the Consumption (.04 in this case): P -.04P = D.96P = D.96(200) = $192 = D P: Total Production D: Demand

3. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 We can modify this equation slightly to determine the Demand for a 2-sector economy. In this case, we’ll use the consumption matrix, C: P – CP = D

4. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 Example 2: ABC Furniture manufactures a variety of office furniture. It also manufactures bolts, some of which are used in its furniture. Every dollar worth of bolts produced requires an input of $.03 worth of bolts and $.02 worth of office furniture. Each dollar worth of office furniture requires an input of $.04 worth of bolts and $.05 worth of office furniture.

5. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 Example 2: Recall our weighted digraph, as well as our consumption matrix: B F.03.02.04.05 B F B From To F

6. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 Example 2: Suppose the company produces $300 of bolts and $400 of office furniture. How much of each will be available for sale?

7. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 Example 2: Suppose the company produces $300 of bolts and $400 of office furniture. How much of each will be available for sale? P – CP = D - =

8. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 Example 2: Suppose the company produces $300 of bolts and $400 of office furniture. How much of each will be available for sale? P – CP = D - = So $275 of bolts and $374 of office furniture are available to sell.

9. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 Things get a little more interesting if we know the demand and need to determine the production. Start with our previous equation: P – CP = D

10. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 P – CP = D We would like to factor out P on the left hand side of the equation, but it’s not quite as easy with a matrix as it is with a variable. First, we have to multiply P by the Identity matrix, I.

11. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 P – CP = D IP – CP = D

12. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 P – CP = D IP – CP = D What is an Identity matrix? It assigns a coefficient of 1 to each variable. Then if you multiply I by any matrix, it returns the original matrix: IP = P

13. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 P – CP = D IP – CP = D An Identity matrix is always a square matrix (2x2, 3x3, 4x4, etc.). The diagonal starting in the 1 st row, 1 st column contains 1s, with all other entries being 0s.

14. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 P – CP = D IP – CP = D Because most of our examples will involve two sectors, I will normally be 2x2:

15. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 P – CP = D IP – CP = D Now we can factor out P: (I – C)P = D

16. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 P – CP = D IP – CP = D (I – C)P = D If (I – C) represented variables, we could simply divide each side of the equation by (I – C) and be done. Because it is a matrix, however, we must multiply by the inverse matrix, (I – C) -1

17. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 P – CP = D IP – CP = D (I – C)P = D (I – C) -1 (I – C)P = (I – C) -1 D

18. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 P – CP = D IP – CP = D (I – C)P = D (I – C) -1 (I – C)P = (I – C) -1 D Fortunately, (I – C) -1 and (I – C) are inverses, so when we multiply them, they essentially eliminate each other.

19. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 P – CP = D IP – CP = D (I – C)P = D (I – C) -1 (I – C)P = (I – C) -1 D We finally get the equation we really want: P = (I – C) -1 D

20. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 Example 3: If ABC Furniture receives an order for $200 of bolts and $700 of office furniture, how much of each must it produce to fill the order?

21. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 Example 3: If ABC Furniture receives an order for $200 of bolts and $700 of office furniture, how much of each must it produce to fill the order? We are trying to find the production, P, in a two-sector economy, so we will use P = (I – C) -1 D

22. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 Example 3: If ABC Furniture receives an order for $200 of bolts and $700 of office furniture, how much of each must it produce to fill the order? P = (I – C) -1 D I = because of the two sectors. C = D =

23. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 Example 3: If ABC Furniture receives an order for $200 of bolts and $700 of office furniture, how much of each must it produce to fill the order? P = (I – C) -1 D () -= =

24. The Leontief Input-Output Method, Part 2 Example 3: If ABC Furniture receives an order for $200 of bolts and $700 of office furniture, how much of each must it produce to fill the order? P = (I – C) -1 D So the company must produce $236.78 worth of bolts and $741.83 worth of office furniture. =