1. After the Cold War: 1992-2004 Chapter 16
Mechikoff & Estes, A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fourth Edition © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. Introduction Cold War ended and new problems arose
Two most visible for Olympic Games:
Doping and commercialization
Interest in the games remained high
Global tensions emerged

3. The XVI Winter Olympics: Albertville/Savoie, 1992
Organizing committee headed by Jean-Claude Killy and Michel Barnier
“Environmental responsibility”
Security costs: 64.4 million francs
CBS paid $243 million to broadcast
European Broadcast Union (EBU): $27 million
Alps provided a magnificent setting

4. Albertville/Savoie, 1992 : Notables
1,801 athletes competed from 64 nations
Focus: dual between America’s figure skaters
Tonya Harding and Nancy Kerrigan
American Kristi Yamaguchi won the gold in figure skating
Olympic movement experienced enormous growth
Caused IOC problems

5. The XXV Olympiad: Barcelona, 1992
IOC president Samaranch hosted Games in home town
Perhaps greatest Olympics ever
Cost estimated at $7.5 billion
NBC paid $350 million to secure broadcast rights
9,364 athletes from 170 nations competed, 2,708 women
Social theme of the Games was “smoke free”
Most peaceful in recent history

6. Barcelona, 1992 5 athletes tested positive for banned substances
U.S. won 108 medals
Old Soviet Union competed as Commonwealth of Independent States
won the most medals

7. Barcelona, 1992 U.S. men’s basketball “Dream Team” in spotlight
Won gold with professional players
Carl Lewis—third consecutive gold in long jump
Cuba continued to dominate in boxing

8. XVII Winter Olympics: Lillehammer, 1994
1,737 athletes from 67 nations compete,
521 were women
Famous northern lights used as logo of the Games
Games based on the respect of the environment
Facilities were first rate

9. Lillehammer, 1994 Controversy with T. Harding and N. Kerrigan
Kerrigan won silver medal and Harding finished 8th
U.S. won the gold in men’s downhill
Bonnie Blair, speed skater, won 3 gold medals
U.S. team won 13 medals
Russians won 23

10. The Centennial Olympiad: Atlanta, 1996
Olympiad symbolized first 100 years of modern Olympic Games
People of Atlanta reflected spirit of Olympism
30,000 security personnel were assigned to protect the athletes

11. Atlanta, 1996 Torch relay covered 15,000 miles, 43 states
11,000 athletes from 197 nations attended
NBC televised opening ceremonies live to 3.5 billion viewers worldwide
plenty of commercial advertisements

12. Atlanta, 1996: Notables July 27, 1996: Centennial Olympic Park bombed
100 people were injured and 2 were killed
Games continued as scheduled
U.S. team won the most medals: 101
Germany won 65 medals, Russians third with 61
Both U.S. basketball teams won gold

13. XVIII Nagano Winter Olympic Games
Worldwide audience of 3 billion watched 2,339 athletes compete
Nagano had three goals
Promote the participation of children
Pay homage to nature
Host festival of peace and friendship
American hockey favored to win gold
Lost early, embarrassed U.S. with behavior

14. Scandals and Ill-gotten Gains
Scandal between IOC and host cities Nagano, Atlanta, and Salt Lake City
Accusations of bribes
Some IOC members found guilty, forced out
Several resigned
2001: IOC elected Jacques Rogge, orthopedic surgeon, IOC

15. XXVII Olympiad: Sydney, 2000
IOC needed successful Games
Estimated 11,147 athletes from 200 countries competed
North and South Korea marched together as “KOREA”
Aboriginal woman, Cathy Freeman, became star of Games
Received average of 12 terrorist threats a day

16. Sydney, 2000: Notables
The U.S. team made up of no-name minor league players beat the Cubans 4-0 to win gold in baseball
Technology played central role
Extensive use of the internet as millions followed action in “real time”
Many equipment advances
Marion Jones won 5 medals in track and field
Husband tested positive for a banned substance
6 positive drug tests, a few medals stripped as result

17. XIX Winter Games, Salt Lake City, 2002
Global politics were tense and volatile
Terrorist activities in Middle East
September 11, 2001
World Trade Center: Over 3,000 civilians killed
Security at all time high
Drug use again a problem
WADA conducted thorough testing
Apparent double standard in IOC testing

18. Salt Lake City, 2002: Notables
3,500 athletes from 80 countries competed
SLOC budget over $1 billion
Largest program in Olympic history
American notable athletes
Sarah Hughes, Apolo Anton Ohno, Jim Shea, Jr.

19. Salt Lake City, 2002
Gold medalist Johann Muehlegg, carrying the Spanish flag
(German who immigrated to Spain to compete for Spanish team and was caught doping at Salt Lake Olympics; he had to return his medals)
Gold medalist Johann Muehlegg, cross-country skier, carrying Spanish flag at finish.
Image source: Photo © R. Mechikoff

20. Salt Lake City, 2002 Ski Jumps, 2002 Olympics, Salt Lake City
Image source: Photo © Robert Mechikoff

21. Salt Lake City, 2002 Women’s Luge
Woman’s Luge, American Competitor, 85 MPH, on Curve 10
Image source: Photo © Robert Mechikoff
Women’s Luge

22. XXVIII Olympiad: Athens, 2004
Global tension still evident
U.S. involved in war (Afghanistan, Iraq)
Host city faced financial difficulties
Greeks pulled together impressively to complete preparations
Security, doping, commercialization continued to be issues

23. Athens, 2004: Notables 10,500 athletes from 201 countries competed
4515 women
Iraqi Olympic team
Men’s soccer team did surprisingly well
Track team included a woman
Opening ceremonies dazzled
U.S. won most medals, 103

24. Athens, 2004
Scene from the closing ceremony of the 2004 Olympic Games, Athens
Image source: Photo by A. Price

25. Athens, 2004 Olympic Stadium, Athens, 2004
Image source: Photo by A. Price

26. Athens, 2004
Winners at the 2004 Athens Olympics were crowned with olive wreaths
Image source: Photo by A. Price
Winners crowned with olive wreaths, as in ancient Olympic Games

27. Olympic flame, 2004 Olympic Games, Athens, Closing Ceremony
Image source: Photo courtesy A. Price