1. Sport Books Publisher1 Society, Culture, and Sport Chapter 20

2. Sport Books Publisher2 Introduction We will trace the development of sport, both nationally and internationally. At the end, you will have a greater understanding of the historical evolution of modern day sport.

3. Sport Books Publisher3 Topics Covered: Brief history of sport in Canada Brief history of the Olympic Games Sport and Canadian culture Canadian athlete role models The business of sport Sport as a spectacle Being and informed consumer

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5. 5 Early Canada (1600-1850) New France (1665) Early Native Culture games –Focus on: Religious practice Cultural values Teaching of survival skills –Baggataway English Colony (1763) British wealth –Cricket –Horse racing –Fox hunting –Snow shoeing Under class –No time or money –Drinking

6. Sport Books Publisher6 Victorian Period (1850-1920) 1850186018901920 Focus on socializing No leagues & competitions Few common rules Many leagues & regularly scheduled competitions Rule standardization Increased focus on participation and spectator sports Industrialization & urbanization New concept of free time Development of modern sport as leisure activity

7. Sport Books Publisher7 Emergence of Sport as a Commodity (1920-1960) Great Depression WWII 1950’s Sport commercialization Amateur and professional sports Sense of nationalism Big business Spectatorship (through TV ) Example: Hockey 1917 – emergence of the NHL 1926 – 10 NHL teams Economic prosperity Technological changes Population growth

8. Sport Books Publisher8 Sport and the Canadian State (1960-Present) Role of government in Canadian sport: –Call for government to improve sport domain –Sport leader became more accepting of government involvement –J. Diefenbaker: recognized sport as a national pride booster –Duke of Edinburgh: rebuked Canadians for their low fitness

9. Sport Books Publisher9 Bill C-131 Marked the first time the federal government was committed to the promotion and development of sport. Resulted in: Annual funding Initiation of the Canada Games Research grant and scholarships for Physical Education specialists Bill C-131 Marked the first time the federal government was committed to the promotion and development of sport. Resulted in: Annual funding Initiation of the Canada Games Research grant and scholarships for Physical Education specialists

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11. Sport Books Publisher11 ATHENS, 1896 Not financed by Greek government 13 countries 9 sports 311 male athletes PARIS, 1900 Poorly organized Little attention 13 sports added Women competed (golf & tennis) ST. LOUIS, 1904 Coincided with World Fair 12 countries Majority competitors American LONDON, 1908 Returned some pride All judges = British STOCKHOLM, 1912 Well organized 2490 male athletes 57 female athletes (swimming)

12. Sport Books Publisher12 WWI 1914-1918 ANTWERP, 1920 29 countries Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, & Turkey not allowed PARIS, 1924 Large increase in # of countries (44) and # of competitors (3092) AMSTERDAM, 1928 Women participated in athletics and gymnastics 48 countries LOS ANGELES, 1932 Reduced # of participants (travel costs) Many more spectators 1 st Olympic village

13. Sport Books Publisher13 WWII 1939-1945 BERLIN, 1936 Hitler’s means of propaganda Jesse Owens foiled Hitler’s plan by winning 4 gold medals LONDON, 1948 59 countries 4,500 competitors Germany, Japan, Soviet Union did not attend HELSINKI, 1952 “Friendly Games” (no Germany) Soviet Union participated after 40 years Beginnings of East-West rivalry MELBOURNE, 1956 Equestrian events held in Sweden Spain, Holland, China, Egypt, & Lebanon pulled out for different political reasons E & W Germany combined

14. Sport Books Publisher14 ROME, 1960 All-white South African team Viewed by world- wide TV 1 st performance drug-related death TOKYO, 1964 South Africa banned because of apartheid policy Korea & Indonesia not allowed Successful and expensive MEXICO CITY, 1968 E & W Germany separate teams Demonstration against poverty and inequality of black people in USA 1 st drug tests MUNICH, 1972 Another protest against inequality of black people in USA Rhodesia not allowed for having all-white team Palestinian terrorists killed several Israelis MONTREAL, 1976 Extremely costly Heavy security French Canadians upset because of Queen’s Elizabeth II opening Taiwan withdrew African country boycotted in support of Apartheid policy

15. Sport Books Publisher15 MOSCOW, 1980 Boycotted by Western nations 80 nations Heavy security LOS ANGELES, 1984 Most commercialized to date Enormous profit Soviet Union, Cuba, and most Eastern European countries boycotted 140 nations SEOUL, 1988 Well organized & huge profit No problems Ben Johnson Professional Tennis players attended 1st time ATLANTA, 1996 Almost every country participated (197) 10,788 athletes Soviet Union replaced by Russian Federation and independent countries Small bomb only dark side BARCELONA, 1992 Entirely peaceful Soviet Union replaced by a “unified team” E & W Germany one team Slovenia separate from Yugoslavia USA bb “Dream Team”

16. Sport Books Publisher16 SYDNEY, 2000 Flawlessly organized No incidents 10,651 athletes 300 events Closing ceremonies were a spectacle

17. Sport Books Publisher17 Conclusions: Olympics are greatly affected by current political affairs It appears that a new era of sporting peace has evolved