1. Reproduction and Breeding

2. Objectives Discuss Expected Progeny Differences (EPDs).
Discuss genetic engineering and its effect on animal agriculture.
Label the major parts of male an female reproductive systems.
Identify animals by gender.
Identify methods used in artificial insemination of animals.

3. Why? Why is genetic engineering important to know about?
Why should we be able to ID animals by gender?
Why should we know about reproduction?
Why should we know about artificial insemination?

4. What? What is expected progeny difference?
What is genetic engineering?
What are different methods of AI?

5. Expected Progeny Difference
A prediction of future progeny performance of one individual compared to another individual within a breed for a specific trait.
For registered animals.
In BW the lower the number the better.

6. EPDs Bull A Bull B DIFFERENCE BW (Birth Weight) -2 +3 5 LBS.
WW (Weaning Weight) 40 70
30 LBS.
MA (Milking ability) 27 10
17 IBS.
OTHER EPDS
STAY
STAYABILITY IN MARKET
CED
CALVING EASE YW
YEARLING WEIGHT

7. EPDs Ex) MA: Milking ability
Daughter of Bull A are expected to wean calves which weigh 17 pounds heavier than calves of the daughters of Bull B.

8. Genetic Engineering
The direct human manipulation of an organism's genome using modern DNA technology.
Involves the introduction of foreign DNA or synthetic genes into the organism of interest.
The introduction of new DNA does not require the use of classical genetic methods, however traditional breeding methods are typically used for the propagation of recombinant organisms.
An organism that is generated through the introduction of recombinant DNA is considered to be a genetically modified organism.

9. 1973
First organisms genetically engineered were bacteria
1974
Mice genetically engineered for insulin.
1982
Insulin-producing bacteria were commercialized.
1994
Genetically modified food start being sold commercially.
1997
Vacanti mouse was first introduced.

10. GMO Science, mice, and patents
The most commonly genetically modified animal is almost certainly the mouse. It is small, short-lived and sufficiently similar to humans to be an almost ideal laboratory animal. As a result, mice have not only been cloned and modified, they have led to an actual industry in the production of "knockout mice," that is, mice with a particular gene or set of genes inactivated for research purposes.
Trans Genic Inc asserts, "Currently, we are able to produce almost 1,000 strains of Knockout

11. GMO
"Pharming"
Cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits and pigs have been genetically modified with the aim of producing human proteins that are useful, generally as medicines. The gene transfer process is typically very inefficient, and cloning is seen as another way of propagating the GM animal.
A 1999 USDA report cited estimates that there was a $24 billion market for human proteins, and theoretically 600 transgenic cows could supply the worldwide demands for some drugs. In practice, however, several companies that have pursued this line have gone bust, and the profit potential seems less than it once did.
Genetic modification of animals in order to improve the prospects of organ transplants is also being investigated.

12. GMO Genetically modified fish as pets
A tropical fish genetically modified to glow in the dark went on sale in Taiwan in 2003 for about $17 each. A different variety of zebrafish, called "GloFish," which were created in Singapore, reached the United States market in January The distributor says that GloFish were originally developed to fluoresce only in the presence of pollutants, but that is not the form in which they are being sold. They cost about $5 each, and are intended to live in aquariums, but can breed and, in the right conditions, live in the wild.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the sale without ceremony. A coalition led by the Center for Food Safety filed suit against the decision, but sales went ahead. In California, the Fish and Game Commission initially banned the fish but later agreed to hold hearings at the request of the distributor.

13. GMO
Allergy-free cats?
A company called Transgenic Pets, in Syracuse, NY, was widely reported in 2001 to be working with scientists at the University of Connecticut to "remove the allergen gene" from cats. The company hoped to raise $2 million and sell the modified animals for $1,000 each. Funding problems ended the project.

14. Reproduction
The process by which new organisms are derived normally involving the union of the male and female sex cells.
Female sex cells: Egg or ovum
Male sex cells: Sperm

15. Male

16. Testicles - produce spermatozoa & male hormone Testosterone
Scrotom - sack which carries testicles
functions as a heat regulator
Monorchid - one fertile testicle
Cryptorchid - both testes remain in body cavity (sterile)
Castration - removal of testicles
lack sex drive
gain weight quicker

17. Epididymis - tube connects to testes
storage of spermatozoa ( billion at a time)
spermatozoa mature as they migrate through
Vas Deferens - tube connects to epididymus
if removed, can't reproduce = vasectomy

18. Urethra - begins at bladder and continues through penis
Sigmoid Flexure - "S" shape in urethra allows for extension of penis outside of body for reproduction

19. Female

20. Vulva - exterior portion of reproductive tract
provides visual signs of heat
Vagina - between vulva & cervix
Cows & Ewes: semen is deposited here
Mares & Sows: semen is deposited in the cervix

21. Cervix - "Mouth of the womb"
opening into uterus
at birth cervix stretches to allowbaby to pass (most painful part)
during pregnancy cervix becomes blocked with a mucous plug to prevent infection

22. Uterine Horns - two branches of uterus
Fallopian Tube - uterine horn becomes a small tube
lined with cilia which aid in egg migration

23. Ovaries located at end of fallopian tubes
possesses large number of eggs in all stages of development
this is all the eggs she will ever have, unlike the male
very few eggs reach maturity
if not fertilized, the egg is reabsorbed by the body

24. What does "in heat" mean?
Heat is the time when a female is receptive to the male and will allow breeding to take place
Heat is actually divided into 4 phases of the cycle.

25. Estrous Cycle: Proestrus: ovary is about to release an egg
Estrus: female receptivity
Metestrus: uterus prepares for pregnancy
fertilized egg attaches to uterus
Diestrus: longest period of cycle
inactive
Estrous Cycles stop after conception, and begin soon after Parturition (birth)

26. Cattle Mature Male (not castrated) Bull Mature Female Cow Young Male
Bullock
Young Female
Heifer
Newborn
Calf
Male (Castrated)
Steer
Group
Herd
Act of Parturition
Calving
Duration of heat
14 hours
Length of Estrous cycle
12; days
Time of ovulation in (days) relation to heat
10-14 hours after end of estrous
Gestation period
281;
Age at puberty (months)
8-14

27. Swine Mature Male (not castrated) Boar Mature female Sow Young Male
Young Female
Gilt3
Newborn
Pig
Male (Castrated)
Barrow
Group
Herd, drove, or sounder
Act of Parturition
Furrowing
Duration of heat
2-3 days
Length of Estrous
21; days
Time of ovulation in (days) relation to heat
18-60 hours after estrous begins
Gestation Period
113;
Age at Puberty
5-7
3. Shoat refers to a young pig of either sex under one year of age.

28. Sheep Mature Male (not castrated) Ram Mature female Ewe Young Male
Ram Lamb
Young Female
Ewe Lamb
Newborn
Lamb
Male (Castrated)
Wether
Group
Flock
Act of Parturition
Lambing
Duration of heat
30-35 hours
Length of Estrous
16; days
Time of ovulation in (days) relation to heat
1 hour before end of estrous
Gestation Period (days)
150;
Age at Puberty (months)
4-8

29. P O U L T R Y Chickens Turkeys Mature Male (not castrated) Cock
Tom or Gobbler
Mature female
Hen
Young Male
Chick
Jake
Young Female
Jenny
Newborn
Poult
Male (Castrated)
Capon
Group
Flock
Act of Parturition NA
Duration of heat
Length of Estrous
Time of ovulation in (days) relation to heat
Gestation Period (days)
21 Day Incubation
28 Day Incubation
Age at Puberty (months)
4-6
P O U L T R Y

30. One egg
It takes hours for a chicken to produce one egg

33. Dogs (Canines) Mature Male (not castrated) Dog Mature female Bitch
Young Male
Puppy Dog
Young Female
Puppy Bitch
Newborn
Pup
Male (Castrated)
Castrate
Group
Pack
Act of Parturition
Whelping
Duration of heat
(6-12 avg) 2-21 days
Length of Estrous
Months; (6 month avg)
Time of ovulation in (days) relation to heat
Usually 1-3 days after first acceptance of male
Gestation Period (days)
63; 58-68
Age at Puberty (months)
5-24

34. Cats (Felines) Mature Male (not castrated) Tom Mature female Queen
Young Male NA
Young Female
Newborn
Kitten
Male (Castrated)
Gib
Group
Bevy
Act of Parturition
Littering
Duration of heat
6-7 days
Length of Estrous
18; days
Time of ovulation in (days) relation to heat
Stimulated by male
Gestation Period (days)
63; 62-64
Age at Puberty (months)
4-18 (breed variability)

35. Goats Mature Male (not castrated) Buck Mature female Doe Young Male
Buck Kid
Young Female
Doe Kid
Newborn
Kid
Male (Castrated)
Wether
Group
Band
Act of Parturition
Kidding
Duration of heat
42 hours
Length of Estrous
21; days
Time of ovulation in (days) relation to heat
Near end of estrous
Gestation Period (days)
151;
Age at Puberty (months)
4-8

36. Horses Mature Male (not castrated) Stallion Mature female Mare
Young Male
Colt
Young Female
Filly
Newborn
Foal
Male (Castrated)
Gelding
Group
Herd
Act of Parturition
Foaling
Duration of heat
6 Days
Length of Estrous
21; days
Time of ovulation in (days) relation to heat
1-2 days before end of estrus
Gestation Period (days)
336;
Age at Puberty (months)
10-12

37. Artificial Insemination
Process by which sperm is placed into the reproductive tract of a female for the purpose of impregnating the female by using means other than sexual intercourse or natural insemination.

38. Artificial Insemination
Pros
Quality Sires: AI makes superior sire semen to be available to hundreds of female cows. Artificial insemination in dairy cattle, leads to sires of inheritance for butter fat and milk production. Prior to AI, only few cows could have the advantage of good bulls.
Decreased Costs and Increased Safety: Bulls are bigger and stronger than cows and generally quite difficult to handle around the farm. AI eliminates the need to have a bull on the farm, as semen can be easily transported. They can also be stored for a long period of time. Since maintaining males costs quite a bit, AI decreases the overall costs on the farm.
Reduction in Disease Transmission: The transfer of venereal diseases is quite likely to happen during natural mating. Certain pathogens can be transferred via the semen into the female, during AI as well, however, the screening done after semen collection prohibits this transfer.
Genetic Selection Improvement: Since one male's semen is more than enough to produce hundreds of offspring, the best few males can be selected for breeding. This helps maintain the vigor of the cattle breed. Artificial insemination in beef cattle helps maintain the genetic pool, thereby obtaining the right strain of beef cattle, required for meat production. Bulls of high genetic merit are available with AI.

39. Artificial Insemination
Cons
Artificial insemination in cattle requires dexterity, patience, knowledge, experience, as well as specialized equipment.
Improper sterilization of equipment, unsanitary conditions, etc.
Preservation of semen sometimes difficult..

40. Artificial Insemination

41. Review What is expected progeny difference?
What is genetic engineering?
What are different methods of AI?