1. Books The Permanent Medium

2. Ancient History Clay Tablets 2,500 B.C. Papyrus Scrolls Egypt, Rome, Greece First Public Library Athens 540 B.C. Had 1 ½ million handwritten scrolls Burned in War by Romans Destroyed by 400 A.D.

3. More History Paper perfected by Chinese during Middle Ages Johannes Gutenberg 1456 Moveable Type Bible first printed in Latin 42 lines per page

4. EPS Applied to U.S. Elite stage up to 19 th century First Press at Harvard in 1638 by Mass Bay Colonists The Whole Book of Psalmes/Bay Psalm Book First Secular to have success was Ben Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac in 1733 Franklin 1744 first Novel Pamela by Samuel Richardson

5. More EPS Thomas Payne 1776 Common Sense 120,000 in 3 months spelled out case for American Revolution

6. Popular Rise of public education in the mid 1800s US had highest literacy rate in the world Industrial Revolution helped make book more affordable; rotary press Popular novelists Edgar Allan Poe, Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson Erastus Beadle mass produced dime novels

7. More Popular Harriet Beecher Stowe 1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin Herman Melville 1851 Moby Dick Mark Twain authors become popular and have followings Free public library system arrives

8. More Popular As industry grows and topics expand, censorship arrives Anthony Comstock 1873 New York City New York Society for the Suppression of Vice made it illegal to send anything obscene through the mail Banned books; burned books

9. Specialized 1945 to present You name it Self-help Science Fiction Non-fiction In Cold Blood Truman Capote Instant books—JFK assassination Photo books Mass market Paperbacks Comic Books Late 1930s Action Comics/Superman

10. More Specialized Mid 1980s to present Largest number of sales— textbooks! Audio books E-books hand held electronic devices Desktop Publishing What Color is Your Parachute? Richard Nelson Bolles Conglomerates (see video) Amazon.com