3. What is Ecology?  How organisms interact with one another and with their nonliving environment  Study of CONNECTIONS

4. What are Organisms? EukaryotesProkaryotes

5. Ecological Organization Individual Species are groups of organisms that resemble one another Populations Group of interacting individuals of the same species Communities Populations of different species occupying the same place Ecosystems Community interacting with one another and nonliving environment Biomes Regions made up of ecosystems Biosphere Zone of earth where life is found Fig. 4-2 p. 66

6. Earth’s Life-Support Systems  Atmosphere  Troposphere 11 miles above sea level  Stratosphere 11-30 miles  Hydrosphere  Lithosphere  Biosphere

7. Sustaining Life on Earth

8. THE Source of Energy

9. Greenhouse Effect  Not the same thing as global warming!  Unreflected solar radiation degraded to infrared radiation  Greenhouse gases reduce heat flow back to space  What are some greenhouse gases?

10. Abiotic Components Terrestrial Ecosystem Aquatic Life Zone Nonliving, physical and chemical factors that influence organisms in land ecosystems and aquatic life zones

11. Law of Tolerance  Presence of a species determined by abiotic factors falling within the range of tolerance  Individuals in a population may have slightly different tolerance ranges because of genetic differences, health, age

12. Tolerance Limits

13. Limiting Factors Terrestrial Ecosystem Aquatic Life Zone Limiting Factor Principle: Too much OR too little of any abiotic factor can limit/prevent growth, even if all other factors are at or near optimum range

14. Biotic Components  Producers (autotrophs) Living organisms in land ecosystems and aquatic life zones, producers or consumers chemosynthesis photosynthesis

15. Biotic Components ConsumerExamples Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore Scavenger

16. Biotic Components  Detritivores: feed on parts of dead organisms, cast-off fragments, and wastes of living organisms

17. Using Energy Aerobic Respiration  Use oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into carbon dioxide and water Anaerobic Respiration  Break down glucose without oxygen  End products vary

18. Biodiversity Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Functional Diversity

19. Biodiversity Ecological Diversity

20. Ecotone

22. Trophic Levels

23. Food Webs Human Blue whaleSperm whale Crabeater seal Killer whale Elephant seal Leopard seal Adélie penguins Petrel Fish Squid Carnivorous plankton Krill Phytoplankton Herbivorous zooplankton Emperor penguin

24. Biomass  Each trophic level contains a certain amount of organic matter which is transferred from one trophic level to another Second Law of ThermodynamicsFirst Law of Thermodynamics

25. Ecological Efficiency

26. Energy Input: 20,810 + 1,679,190 1,700,000 (100%) Energy Output Total Annual Energy Flow Metabolic heat, export Waste, remains 1,700,000 kilocalories Producers Herbivores Carnivores Top carnivores Decomposers, detritivores Energy Transfers 20,810 (1.2%) Incoming solar energy not harnessed 1,679,190 (98.8%) 4,2453,36813,197 7203832,265 9021272 516 Top carnivores Carnivores Herbivores Producers 5,060 Decomposers/detritivores 20,810 3,368 383 21

27. Abandoned FieldOcean Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers Pyramid of Biomass

28. Pyramid of Numbers Grassland (summer) Temperate Forest (summer) Producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers

29. Primary Productivity Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

30. Primary Productivity Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

31. 1.Explain why food chains are typically short 2.Make an argument for vegetarianism based on the second law of thermodynamics