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Political Geography: State Shapes and Borders
AP Human Geography
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Territorial Morphology: The Shape of States
Compact Prorupted Elongated Fragmented Perforated Micro
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Compact Ease of communication; distance from capital to everything else easy Example: Switzerland; Hungary
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Prorupted Compact with a large projecting extension
Issues with “devolution” sometimes Example: DR Congo; Thailand
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Fragmented States with several discontinuous pieces of territory; like islands. Devolution an issue Example: Indonesia
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Perforated A state the completely surrounds another one
Example: South Africa and Lesotho
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Elongated Long narrow shape due to geography or other political or economic reasons Examples: Chile and Gambia
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Microstates Tiny, usually homogenous, states
Example: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Singapore
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Exclaves and Enclaves Exclaves: small bits of territory that lie separate from the rest of the state by another state; not land locked Example: Russia and Kaliningrad
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Enclaves Enclaves: landlocked pieces of a state surrounded by another state Example: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh
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Boundaries Physical: easy to see and use; water (lakes, rivers, etc..) use the median-line principle Oceans use: Law of the Sea (1983)- territory goes out to 12 nautical miles Cultural: harder to define; language? Religion? Ethnicity? “Balkanization” and “shatter belts”(Caucasus Mts.) Geometric: straight and imaginary
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Physical and Geometric
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Balkanization and “Shatter Belts”
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Boundary Disputes Positional(definitional): Where is the border? India and China over Assam/Himalayas Territorial: Who should own what? Pakistan vs. India over Kashmir Resource(allocation): Who gets to use the stuff? Ex: Kuwait vs. Iraq (oil); GA VS FLA. Over water Functional(operational): What rules should we use at the border? Ex: USA/Mexico border control and NAFTA
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India and China
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