1. UN Peacekeeping Doctrine

2. WHAT KIND OF MILITARY OPERATION IS PEACEKEEPING?
"The first, the supreme, the most far-reaching act of judgment that the statesman and commander have to make is to establish what kind of military operation on which they are embarking…and not mistake it for something else.”

4. Scope for political action
Hourglass Model of Conflict Containment, Conflict Settlement and Conflict Transformation
Peace
Operations
Approach to
conflict
Scope for political action
Conflict
transformation
Difference
Cultural
peacebuilding
Contradiction
Structural
peacebuilding
Conflict
settlement
Polarization
Peacemaking
Violence
Peacekeeping
Conflict
containment
Conflict escalation and de-escalation
War limitation/
peace enforcement
WAR
Ceasefire
Peacekeeping
Conflict
settlement
Agreement
Peacemaking
Structural
peacebuilding
Normalization
Conflict
transformation
Cultural
peacebuilding
Reconciliation
Ramsbotham, Woodhouse, Miall, p. 12

5. Represents summary of clear-cut opinions on a specific subject.
WHAT IS DOCTRINE?
Represents summary of clear-cut opinions on a specific subject.
For the military:
Doctrine expresses a system of fundamentals and principles which direct activities of armed forces when executing military operational tasks.
Peacekeeping is one of many “operational military tasks.”
Doctrine provides common frame of reference for conducting tasks

6. MILITARY DOCTRINE
Level of military planning between national strategy and unit level tactics, techniques and procedures
Why is Doctrine important?
Doctrine provides a shared way of thinking about military problems and operations, such as Peacekeeping.
It does not:
Direct how specific military problems will be solved
Provide specific steps to solve a problem
Direct a commander to take specific action
Commanders are always expected to exercise their own judgment in carrying out their missions!

7. MILITARY DOCTRINE Should change as the nature of warfare changes
Implementing and changing a military doctrine is highly complex and time consuming
Operational “Military Doctrine” supports political goals
Military doctrine is basis for developing military capabilities and shaping forces:
Organization (Force Structure and Design), Training, Leader Development Programs, Facilities, Materiel, and Soldiers
May be shared between several nations
Doctrine is not Dogma!

8. MILITARY DOCTRINE
BOTTOM LINE
Combines elements that are timeless with elements that ebb and flow
Value is in providing a proven and commonly understood set of principles and practices for the employment of military forces in operational missions and tasks
Peacekeeping “Lessons Learned”
have emphasized desirability of a common “Doctrine” for Peacekeeping

9. UN PEACEKEEPING DOCTRINE
DOCTRINE HELPS BRING
STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL CLARITY

10. UN DOCTRINE FOR “PEACEKEEPING”
Stable for first 40 years ( )
Consent, Impartiality & Minimum Use of Force
In flux since 1989
Peacekeeping
Peace Enforcement
Peacebuilding
Peace Operations
Peace Maintenance
Wider Peacekeeping
Second/Third Generation Peacekeeping
Multi-Dimensional Peacekeeping
Muscular Peacekeeping
Complex Contingency Operations
Complex Emergencies
Peace Support Operations
Stability and Support Operations

11. Peacekeeping Reform
March 2000 Secretary General Initiated Peacekeeping Reform
August 2000 Ambassador Brahimi releases report
56 recommendations of which the development of UN doctrine is one.
2009 New Horizons Report Released
Approaching 10 years since Brahimi Report
Looked at challenges to peacekeeping into the future

12. MAJOR CRITICISM OF UN PEACEKEEPING
Lack of coherent UN doctrinal guidance for Member States
Needed to train forces for UN Peacekeeping
Peace Operations 2010 Reform Agenda
5-year effort focused on improving UN Peacekeeping in areas of:
People
Partnerships
Doctrine
Organization
Resources
2007 Focus: UN Peacekeeping Doctrine
Doctrine Finalized in 2008

13. UN Peacekeeping Doctrine
Dag Hammarskjold Medal
posthumous award to members of peacekeeping operations who lost their lives during service with a peacekeeping operation

14. 2008 UN Doctrine for UN Peacekeeping
Part I
Evolution of UN Peacekeeping
Part II
Planning for UN Peacekeeping
Integrated Mission Planning Process
Part III
The Art of Successful Mandate Implementation
Managing UN Peacekeeping
Supporting and Sustaining Peacekeeping
Transition and Exit

15. FUNDAMENTALS OF PEACE OPERATIONS
Consent
Impartiality
Transparency
Credibility
Freedom of Movement
Flexibility and Adaptability
Civil-Military Harmonization
Restraint and Minimum
Force
Objective/End State
Perseverance
Unity of Effort
Legitimacy
Security
Mutual Respect
US Joint Publication , Peace Operations

16. DECISIONS FOR PEACEKEEPING START-UP
Crisis reaches a level of concern for international community
Key negotiators find a solution
Peace agreement, settlement, etc.
Peace agreement signed by
Parties to conflict
Security Council passes a resolution approving SG concept
Secretary General submits his report to UNSC
UN conducts an assessment of the situation

17. Secretary General’s Reports
Provides the position of Secretary General & the Secretariat
Presented to the UN Security Council prior to resolution
Concept of operations for new missions
Recommendations on changes to existing missions
Secretary General Reports are the most important document in the UN System!!!
See and look under “Reports of the Secretary General”

18. SG’s Reports on UN Peacekeeping
Framework of report - no set pattern but generally have these sections – note the concepts of peacebuilding here:
Security situation
Political Developments
Rule of Law
Humanitarian issues
Human Rights
Financial aspects of mission
Civilian Staffing
Military strengths and nations committing to operation
Recommendations to UN Security Council

19. INTEGRATED MISSION PLANNING PROCESS
IMPP is outlined in new UN doctrinal manual Military
Focused on Multi-dimentional Peacekeeping
Initial assessments done both in the UN HQ and in country with representatives from (not inclusive)
Assessments form the basis of UN Secretary General Report
Interested nations consulted
UN Security Council votes on new or redesigned mission
UN DPKO
UN DPA
UN OCHA
UN DFS
UN HCHR
UNICEF
UNHCR
Others

20. Notional Stages of a Peacekeeping Mission
Security Council
Terminates
Security Council
Initiates
Mission Planning
Sec Gen
Report
Peace Agreement
Signed
Standby Phase
Deployment
Phase
Sustainment Phase
Liquidation
Phase
Tasks During Standby & Deployment Phase:
Concept of Ops Force Size Troop Composition
Contributing Countries ROE Command, Control & Communications
Logistical Support MOUs Equipment Contracts Budget …...

21. UN TEMPLATE FOR DOCTRINE DEVELOPMENT
Five levels doctrinal guidance planned:
1.000 Series: Policy Guidance
(Capstone Doctrine Manual)
2.000 Series: Guidance for UN HQs Support to Operations
3.000 Series: Guidance on Management and Integration of Operations
4.000 Series: Guidance for Field Operations
5.000 Series: Guidance for Support to Field Operations

22. DOCTRINE Policy and Guidance Framework
1000 Series: “Capstone Doctrine”
1.0
UN PEACEKEEPING
OPERATIONS
DOCTRINAL GUIDELINES
1.1
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL
PEACEKEEPING HANDBOOK
Update
of 2003
Version
GUIDELINES
NOTES on PRACTICE
NOTES on KEY ISSUES
e.g.
PROTECTION of
CIVILIANS
e.g.
SUPPORT to
HUMANITARIAN
OPERATIONS
e.g.
RULE
OF LAW
e.g.
EXTENSION of
STATE
AUTHORITY

23. 2000 Series: HQs Support to Operations
2.1
Command & Control
And Executive
Direction
2.2
Mission Planning
And
Budgeting
2.3
Recruitment
And
Force Generation
2.4
Deployment
And Mission Start-Up
2.5
Political Analysis
And
Briefings
2.6
Reporting, Op’ns
and Management
2.7
Support
And
Sustainment
2.8
Transition
Management
2.9
Policy, Doctrine,
Training
Best Practices
2.10
Oversight
Audit
and Inspections

24. 3000 Series: Management and Integration of Operations
3.1
Mission
Command and
Control
3.2
Core
Management
Responsibilities
3.3
Mission
Planning
Integration and
Joint Arrange’
3.5
Political & Diplo’ Roles
3.6
Mission Analysis
& Reporting
3.7
Monitoring &
Evaluation
3.8
Conduct &
Discipline
3.9
Public Info’ &
Communications
3.10
Risk Mg’mt
Oversight Audit
3.11
Safety and
Security
3.12
Crisis
Management
3.13
Cross-cutting
Issues

25. 4000 Series: Field Operations
4.1
Political and
Civil Affairs
4.2
Military
4.3
Observers
4.4
Law Enforcement
(Police)
4.5
Legal & Judicial
4.6
Corrections and
Prisons
4.7
Human Rights
4.8
DDR
4.9
SSR
Governance
4.10
Mine action
4.11
Elections
4.12
Civil
Administration
4.13
QIPs and
Reconst’ Assistance

26. UN PEACEKEEPING DOCTRINE Policy and Guidance Framework
5000 Series: Field Operations Support
5.1
Support Planning
And Budgeting
5.2
Logistics Support
5.3
Movement Control
5.4
Strategic Deployment
Stocks
5.5
Aviation
5.6
Surface Transport
5.7
Engineering
5.8
Communications
and IT
5.9
Supply
5.10
Property Management
5.11
Cartography
and GIS
5.12
Records and
Administration
5.13
Human Resources
5.14
Training
5.15
Medical
5.16
Finance
5.17
Procurement and
Contract
Management
5.18
COE
Management
5.19
Legal

27. PRINCIPLES FOR MANDATE IMPLEMENTATION MAINTAINING SUPPORT FOR THE MISSION
Mission’s ability to successfully implement Mandate will depend on ability to maintain support of parties, local population and international community.
Must develop close working relationship with major parties; must be transparent and impartial in dealings
Must implement effective public information strategy to manage expectations and shape public perceptions to create supportive environment
Must attract and maintain highly qualified personnel
Personnel must maintain highest standards of professional conduct and discipline
Must be aware of and proactively manage impact on host country and local communities

29. Initial consultation
As a conflict develops, worsens, or approaches resolution, the UN is frequently involved in a number of consultations to determine the best response by the international community. These consultations would likely involve:
All relevant United Nations actors
The potential host government and the parties on the ground
Member States, including States that might contribute troops and police to a peacekeeping operation
Regional and other intergovernmental organizations
Other relevant key external partners