1. MOVEMENT and SUPPORT in ANIMALS

2. MOVEMENT is a displacement from one point to another.
LOCOMOTION is the movement of a WHOLE organism from one place to another.
ONLY ANIMALS carry out locomotion.

3. Reasons why animals move from place to place
To obtain food
To escape predators
To find a mate
To distribute offspring
To reduce competition
To avoid danger
To maintain position
To avoid waste products

4. Movement in plants
Movement in plants is seen when it grows. Growth movements are called TROPISMS.

5. MOVEMENT IN PLANTS VS MOVEMENT IN ANIMALS
Plants exhibits movement when growing(only certain areas move)
As seem in germinating seedlings
And when plants grow towards sun light, gravity, touch and water (these are called tropisms)
Animals move from point A to B/The whole organism moves during locomotion.

6. The Skeleton of Man The skeleton of man is an ENDOSKELETON.
When the skeleton is located outside the body it is called an EXOSKELETON.

7. Types of Skeletons Exo-skeleton: animals that have shells
Endo-skeleton: hard structure inside the animal.
Hydrostatic skeleton:
Fluid held inside the body
No skeleton
Introduce the different types of skeletons to the students.
Which type do humans have?
Can the students come up with other examples of these types of animals.

8. main functions of the skeletal system?
Support. Bones provide a framework for the attachment of muscles and other tissues.
Movement. Bones enable body movements by acting as levers and points of attachment for muscles.
Protective Bones such as the skull and rib cage protect vital organs from injury. Bones also protect the marrow.
Blood cell production. The production of blood cells, or hematopoiesis, occurs in the red marrow found within the cavities of certain bones.

9. The human skeleton can be divided into two parts:
The axial skeleton
The appendicular skeleton

10. Axial Skeleton
The AXIAL SKELETON IS MADE UP OF:
THE SKULL
VERTEBRAL COLUMN

11. The Skull

12. The Vertebral Column Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Axial Skeleton
The Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Lumbar Vertberae (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx

13. Appendicular Skeleton
INCLUDES ALL OTHER BONES

14. Function of the Skeletal System
Support- framework that supports body upright and acts as a frame supporting soft body parts.
Protection- for delicate organs, heart and lungs (rib cage), brain(skull), spinal cord (vertebral column)
Movement- bones act as levers for muscles
Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate
Manufacture of Blood, both Red and White Blood cells – Made in the bone marrow of the pelvis,ribs,sternum and leg bones.

17. MOVEMENT IN MAN
Movement in a limb is brought about by tissues such as muscles, tendon, ligaments and bones.
These all work together to bring about MOVEMENT.
The bones are able to move because of JOINTS in the skeleton.
Joints are the place where two bones meet
A Typical Joint

18. How muscles move bones Bones are attached by LIGAMENTS.
Ligaments are the fibrous, slightly stretchy connective tissues
They hold one bone to another in the body, forming a joint.
They for example preventing your elbow from bending backwards,
Ligaments are composed of strands of collagen fibers. They are slightly stretchy.

19. How muscles move bones Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
So what is a tendon? A tendon is a structure that connects muscle to bone, they are non-stretchy.

20. Antagonistic Muscles
Movement is achieved when muscles shorten (contract) and lengthen (relax),by contraction and relaxation of antagonistic muscles.
Antagonistic muscles are PAIRS of muscles; they always work together.
When your biceps contracts it flexes (bends) the elbow joint. The bicep is also called the FLEXOR muscle.
At the same time it also pulls the triceps to make it longer (it relaxes).

21. Antagonistic Muscles
When the triceps contracts is extends (straightens) the elbow joint. The tricep is also called an EXTENSOR MUSCLE
At the same time it pulls the biceps and makes it longer.
The two muscles work together.
Neither muscle can stretch itself, it must be stretched by its antagonist (partner).

22. Types of Joints There are three main types of joints;
Fibrous (immoveable),
Cartilaginous (partially moveable) and the
Synovial (freely moveable) joint.

23. Fibrous (immoveable)
These joints are firmly held together by a thin layer of strong connectice tissue. There is no movement between the bones such as the sutures of the skull and the teeth in their sockets.

24. Cartilaginous (partially moveable/gliding joints)
Cartilaginous joints :joints in which the bones are attached by cartilage.
Allow for only a little movement, such as in the spine or ribs.
A partially movable joint exist between the atlas and axis at the top of the neck ; this is called a pivot joint.
Cartilaginous joints between the thoracic vertebrae.
Pivot Joint

25. Synovial (freely moveable) joint.
Synovial joints allow for much more movement than cartilaginous joints.
Cavities between bones in synovial joints are filled with synovial fluid.
This fluid helps lubricate (thereby reducing friction) and protects the bones.

26. There are Two Types of Synovial Joints
Hinge Joint A hinge joint allows extension and retraction of an appendage. E.g. elbows, knees and finger joints.
Bones of hinge joints can carrying large loads

27. HWK
Practice question on pg 151 of textbook.

28. There are Two Types of Synovial Joints
2. Ball and Socket Joint
A ball and socket joint allows for radial movement in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders.