1. © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials. Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 2 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens

2. Earth Science, 11e Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 2

3. EARTH SCIENCE 170, 171 B Murphy, G Ferguson

4. JAMIE BRAID RM 2006 Email : jamie.braid@gmail.com

5. Tutorials Collette Rennie 4-5pm Wednesdays / Thursdays NH 120 Starting the 17th

6. Minerals: the building blocks of rocks  Definition of a mineral Natural Inorganic Solid Possess an orderly internal structure of atoms Have a definite chemical composition  Mineraloid - lacks an orderly internal structure

7. Minerals and rocks are the basic components of the Solid Earth

8. Composition and structure of minerals  Elements Basic building blocks of minerals Over 100 are known  Atoms Smallest particles of matter Have all the characteristics of an element

9. Periodic table of the Elements Figure 2.4

10. How atoms are constructed  Nucleus – central part of an atom that contains Protons – positive electrical charges, properties Neutrons – neutral electrical charges  Energy levels, or shells orbit nucleus Contain electrons – negative electrical charges

11. Elements Made in stars building blocks of minerals made up of atoms, – central nucleus (protons and neutrons) –orbiting electrons

12. Elements Numbered 1 to 92, depending on protons 1 to 26 made during life of stars 27 to 92, in supernova protons dictate properties electrons more loosely bound, bonding of elements to form molecules

13. Periodic table of the Elements Figure 2.4

14. Simplified view of the atom Figure 2.5

15. How atoms are constructed  Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus  Bonding of atoms Forms a compound with two or more elements Ions are atoms that gain or lose electrons  Isotopes Have varying number of neutrons

16. Periodic table of the Elements Figure 2.4

17. END NIGHT CLASS

18. Octet Rule Elements most stable with 8 electrons in their outer shell most elements have < 8 therefore they have a tendency to bond

19. Types of bonds IONIC-transfer of electron COVALENT-shared electrons METALLIC-Common cloud of shared electrons (metals) van der Waals-bonding between adjacent molecules

20. Ionic bonding NaCl

21. COVALENT

22. Periodic table of the Elements Figure 2.4

23. Composition of continental crust Figure 2.16 Not oxygen in the air 99.9%

24. Composition of Earth’s Crust O 46.6 (wt%) 62.6 (atoms) Si 27.7 21.2 Al 8.1 6.5 Fe 5.0 1.9 Ca 3.6 1.9 Na 2.8 2.6 K 2.6 1.4 Mg 2.1 1.8

25. The silicate (SiO 4 ) -4 molecule Figure 2.17 Charge imbalance Leggo building block for the earth

26. Silicate tetrahedron

27. The physical properties of minerals  Color and streak  crystal form  hardness  cleavage and fracture  specific gravity and density  hardness

28. Fe-Mg silicates DARK

29. Non Fe-Mg silicates Little Iron and Magnesium

30. The physical properties of minerals  Color and streak  crystal form  hardness  cleavage and fracture  specific gravity and density

31. The mineral quartz often exhibits good crystal form

32. Pyrite (fool’s gold) displays metallic luster Figure 2.10

33. Mineral crystals

34. External shape = internal bonding

36. The physical properties of minerals  Color and streak  crystal form  hardness  cleavage and fracture  specific gravity and density  hardness

37. Diamond (Hard) Graphite (Soft) How on can we form both???

38. GOLD ~ soft

39. Figure 2.12 Mohs scale of hardness

40. The physical properties of minerals  Color and streak  crystal form  hardness  cleavage and fracture  specific gravity and density

41. Silicate tetrahedron

42. Physical Properties Reflect internal weakness in structure and chemical composition

43. Breaking weak bonds

44. Three examples of perfect cleavage – fluorite, halite, and calcite Weak planes parallel to edges (analogous to splitting wood)

45. Most minerals are silicates Silicon and oxygen in a tetrahedral arrangement variety of metallic ions bonded

46. Silicate tetrahedron

47. Silicate minerals

48. UNUSED

49. Conchoidal fracture Figure 2.15

50. Minerals  Physical properties of minerals Fracture Specific gravity Other properties Taste Smell Elasticity Malleability

51. Minerals  Mineral groups Rock-forming silicates Groups based upon tetrahedral arrangement Olivine – independent tetrahedra Pyroxene group – tetrahedra are arranged in chains Amphibole group – tetrahedra are arranged in double chains

52. Hornblende – a member of the amphibole group

53. Minerals  Mineral groups Rock-forming silicates Groups based upon tetrahedral arrangement Micas – tetrahedra are arranged in sheets Two types of mica are biotite (dark) and muscovite (light) Feldspars - Three-dimensional network of tetrahedra

54. Minerals  Mineral groups Rock-forming silicates Groups based upon tetrahedral arrangement Feldspars Two types of feldspar are Orthoclase and Plagioclase Quartz – three-dimensional network of tetrahedra

55. Potassium feldspar

56. Plagioclase feldspar

57. Minerals  Mineral groups Rock-forming silicates Feldspars are the most plentiful mineral group Crystallize from molten material Nonsilicate minerals Major groups Oxides Sulfides

58. Minerals  Mineral groups Nonsilicate minerals Major groups Sulfates Carbonates “Native” elements

59. Native Copper

60. Minerals  Mineral groups Nonsilicate minerals Carbonates A major rock-forming group Found in the rocks limestone and marble Halite and gypsum are found in sedimentary rocks Many have economic value

61. Minerals  Mineral resources Reserves are already identified deposits Ores are useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit Economic factors may change and influence a resource

62. An underground halite (salt) mine

63. End of Chapter 2