1. Key Issue 2 – Why is English Related to Other Languages? The Indo-European Language Family

3. The Germanic Branch

4. Origin of English in England A.D. 450 Germanic tribes invaded England (Angles, Saxons, Jutes from Denmark and Germany)Germanic tribes invaded England Angles, Saxons, Jutes – Forced Celtic tribes into remote fringes (Wales, Scotland, and Cornwall) – England comes from Angles’ land – Angles spoke language called englisc – “Old English” – Old English Reading “Old English”Old English Reading A.D. 1066 – Norman Conquest (French)Norman Conquest – French and English mingled for 300 years – Syncretism - formed new language; Middle Englishformed new languageMiddle English Canterbury Tales (14 th Century) – Middle English (teacher rap) Canterbury Talesteacher rap) Shakespeare (16 th Century) – Early Modern English “Original Pronunciation” Shakespeare“Original Pronunciation” Modern “Proper” English (British Received Pronunciation – BRP)– derived from Southern English dialect in late 18 th century – AFTER colonization of America – Americans don’t speak “proper” English “The History of English” - combinedcombined

5. back Pre-Germanic Celts (500 B.C.E.)

6. My Fair Lady / Pygmalion “If you use proper English you’re regarded as a freak; why can’t the English learn to speak?” “If you use proper English you’re regarded as a freak; why can’t the English learn to speak?” Learning to speak “English” The Embassy Ball

7. Dialects of English Dialect – regional variation in vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation caused by geographic isolation Standard Language – widely recognized as most acceptable of multiple dialects – British Received Pronunciation (BRP) – upper-class London Britons – Noah Webster’s American Speller (1806) – American Heritage Dictionary (1980s) – “21 Accents” “21 Accents” – Vampire Weekend – “Oxford Comma”

9. Differences Between British and American English Geographic Isolation – Vocabulary –new objects and experiences Physical features – mountains, forests, rivers New animals – moose, chipmunk, racoon American Indian words – canoe, moccasin New inventions / technology – Elevator / lift, umbrella / bumbershoot, flashlight / torch, toilet / loo, trunk / boot, line / cue – Spelling – nationalism and desire to create national identity Noah Webster’s American Dictionary – Pronunciation – geographic isolation w/ little spoken interaction A and R Accented syllables Changed more in England than in US Hugh Laurie; Ben Affleck; Robin Williams Hugh LaurieBen AffleckRobin Williams

11. Dialects in the United States Evolved from different dialects of original settlersoriginal settlers – New England – English Puritans from SE England – well-educated families – Southeastern – SE England also, but lower social class – indentured servants, prisoners, commoners – Mid-Atlantic – most diverse Quakers from North England Scots and Irish German, Dutch, and Swedish – http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/20/sunday- review/dialect-quiz-map.html http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/20/sunday- review/dialect-quiz-map.html – Isogloss list - Isogloss list

12. “Code-Switching” – NPR Race, Ethnicity, and Culture “Code-Switching” – Six Moments of Code-Switching in Popular Culture Six Moments of Code-Switching in Popular Culture – Five Reasons Why People Code-Switch Five Reasons Why People Code-Switch

13. Diffusion of folk housing styles

16. North Carolina Dialects Eastern NC – settled by uneducated, working class English and Irish men; indentured servants – Southern dialect – Manteo – 50 yr. old female - video Manteo – 50 yr. old femalevideo – Oak City – 74 yr. old male Oak City – 74 yr. old male Piedmont and Western NC – settled by lower and middle class Scots-Irish families; came South from NJ and PA along – Shelby – 70 yr. old female Shelby – 70 yr. old female – Boone – 42 yr. old female Boone – 42 yr. old female

18. Gullah Bin-Yah Charleston – Gullah Origins of African American English - Gullah