1. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Police Technology Police Technology Chapter Twenty-One Police Technology Emergingand Future Technologies

2. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Learning Objectives Understand the importance of looking at future technologies. Understand the importance of looking at future technologies. Explore a variety of potential technological applications in law enforcement. Explore a variety of potential technological applications in law enforcement.law enforcementlaw enforcement

3. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Futurists Qualitative Techniques Delphi Surveys, etc. Quantitative Techniques Statistical extrapolation, etc. Role-playing and simulation

4. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Finding Us Emergency Location Transmitters (ELT) Emergency Location Transmitters (ELT) Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRB) Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRB) Both use satellite technology different from GPS Both use satellite technology different from GPS

5. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Automatic Collision Notification Typically installed in new cars, it is a form of Automatic Vehicle Locator (AVL) technologies which is activated when an air- bad is deployed. Commercial service then contacts PSAP

6. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Universal Product Code Or Bar Coding, it is finding its way into evidence management and equipment management systems Or Bar Coding, it is finding its way into evidence management and equipment management systems

7. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Chipping Goods The installation of Radio Frequency (RF) transmitters into commercial goods. The installation of Radio Frequency (RF) transmitters into commercial goods. A means of inventory control and loss prevention. A means of inventory control and loss prevention. However, chips remain active – even when you take the product home. However, chips remain active – even when you take the product home. Someday, it is likely the “chipped” products in your refrigerator will “talk” to your refrigerator. Someday, it is likely the “chipped” products in your refrigerator will “talk” to your refrigerator.

8. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Chipped Handguns? Many people are killed accidentally by handguns. Many people are killed accidentally by handguns. Many police officers are killed when offenders take the officer’s handgun. Many police officers are killed when offenders take the officer’s handgun.police officerspolice officers Chipping guns so that only the registered user can fire the handgun is one proposed method of prevention. Chipping guns so that only the registered user can fire the handgun is one proposed method of prevention.

9. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Remote Control Information System Transmitter on a police officer constantly broadcasting and receiving information Transmitter on a police officer constantly broadcasting and receiving information Continuous contact with PSAP Continuous contact with PSAP Originally developed for military use Originally developed for military use Provide remote supervision Provide remote supervision Provide remote feedback on the user’s vital signs Provide remote feedback on the user’s vital signs

10. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Our Homes as Prisons Currently, a person under “home supervision” wears a transponder bracelet. At random intervals, the supervising agency calls the home and the transponder responds to the call.

11. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Our Homes as Prisons Expansions of the transponder model involve the use of GPS and AVL technology so that offenders who are on probation are constantly sending out a signal as to their whereabouts. Expansions of the transponder model involve the use of GPS and AVL technology so that offenders who are on probation are constantly sending out a signal as to their whereabouts.

12. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Scanning Us Magnetic Gradient Measuring and Passive Wave Millimeter Wave Imaging are two means to supplement traditional metal detectors Magnetic Gradient Measuring and Passive Wave Millimeter Wave Imaging are two means to supplement traditional metal detectors

13. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Optical License Plate Scanning Using Video, infrared light, optical character recognition and other hardware and software, license plates can be automatically scanned. Using Video, infrared light, optical character recognition and other hardware and software, license plates can be automatically scanned. The scan is compared against databases: The scan is compared against databases: Tolls Tolls Access control Access control Stolen vehicles Stolen vehicles Unpaid parking citations Unpaid parking citations

14. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Dataveillance A term used to describe the investigation and monitoring of individuals through data: A term used to describe the investigation and monitoring of individuals through data: Financial transactions (ATM, Credit card, etc) Financial transactions (ATM, Credit card, etc) Use of library resources (e.g., PATRIOT ACT). Use of library resources (e.g., PATRIOT ACT). Passing toll booths Passing toll booths Communication records Communication records Civil Records Civil Records Other government and commercial records Other government and commercial records

15. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Biometrics The science of automatically identify someone based on physiological and behavioral characteristics

16. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Biometrics Fingerprints Fingerprints Hand Geometry Hand Geometry Retina Retina Facial Characteristics Facial Characteristics Thermal Images Thermal Images Gait Gait Speech Speech Handwriting Handwriting

17. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Biometrics Two broad uses of biometrics: Two broad uses of biometrics: Access Control Access Control Identification Identification Passwords and identification cards are often combined with biometric information to increase accuracy and security

18. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Accuracy and Security Triangle Biometrics What you are: BIOMETRIC MEASUREMENT What you have: IDENTIFICATION CARD (Like ATM Card) What you know: PASSWORD

19. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Biometrics Iris and Retinal Scan Iris and Retinal Scan Low intensity beam into subject’s eyeball. Low intensity beam into subject’s eyeball. Patterns of veins are compared against database Patterns of veins are compared against database Facial Recognition Facial Recognition Measurements between Nodes (center of nose, eye, etc.) Measurements between Nodes (center of nose, eye, etc.) Over 80 points can be measured Over 80 points can be measured Compared against database Compared against database

20. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Biometrics Any biometric system that makes comparisons against a database needs to have the subject Enrolled for comparison

21. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Satellites Currently used by Law Enforcement for GPS, and some communications. Currently used by Law Enforcement for GPS, and some communications. May some day supplement visual surveillance – looking down like today’s military satellites May some day supplement visual surveillance – looking down like today’s military satellites

22. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Pursuit Technologies Most advances have been relatively low tech such as: Most advances have been relatively low tech such as: Spike strips Spike strips Pursuit Intervention Technique Pursuit Intervention Technique

23. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Pursuit Technologies Hi-Tech advances have surrounded the commercial installation of “chips” that allow the fleeing vehicle to be “turned off” by the police – The effect is similar to running out of gas Screen Capture provided by FAAC, Inc

24. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Less-Lethal Technologies Note that the term has changed from “non-lethal” to “less-lethal” because all techniques are dangerous. Note that the term has changed from “non-lethal” to “less-lethal” because all techniques are dangerous. Chemical gas and electrical shock fairly common. Chemical gas and electrical shock fairly common. The use of light beams and sound is being used by the military and some foreign police agencies. The use of light beams and sound is being used by the military and some foreign police agencies.

25. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Getting Smaller Bicycle patrol and foot beat officers are now accessing databases via small hand-held computers. Photograph provided by CyberCop-Software

26. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Technology Combinations The combination of different types of technologies is creating innovative solutions for law enforcement The combination of different types of technologies is creating innovative solutions for law enforcement Screen captured by ShotSpotter, Inc.

27. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Police Technology Police Technology Browse Criminal Justice Degree Information Criminal Justice DegreeCriminal Justice Degree at atwww.hitechcj.com/criminal-justice-degree-online