1. Europeanization v. academic freedom in higher education in Poland
4/19/2017 9:59 PM
Europeanization v. academic freedom in higher education in Poland
Dr. Anna Budnik
University of Bialystok, Faculty of Law
Poland
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2. Definitions
Academic freedom - the custom and practice that accords university professors and, to a lesser degree, school teachers; the freedom to teach and conduct research without interference of administrators, government officials, or other outside parties;
Doctrine that professors and students are free to inquire, to learn, and to teach in a climate of judgmental neutrality; to teach in the absence of political, religious, or social censorship. Derived from the German concepts of Lernfreiheit (uncontrolled study) and Lehrfreiheit (freedom of teaching).

3. Definitions Europeanisation
“incremental process reorienting the direction and shape of politics to the degree that EC political and economic dynamics become part of the organizational logic of national politics and policy-making”. (Ladrech)
“the emergence and development at the European level of distinct structures of governance, that is, of political, legal and social institutions associated with political problem solving that formalizes interactions among the actors, and of policy networks specializing in the creation of authoritative European rules” (Risse, Cowles and Caporaso)

4. Higher Education in Poland between 1949-1990
Centralization
Full responsibility before the Minister for Higher Education
No non-public sector of higher education

5. Higher Education after 1990
the Act on Higher Education of 14 September 1990
Rebuilt higher education autonomy
the Minister lost his functions regarding elections of university bodies
Allowed creation of non-public HEIs

6. Constitution of the Republic of Poland
Art. 70 para. 2 Education in public schools shall be without payment. Statutes may allow for payments for certain services provided by public institutions of higher education.
Article 70 para 3 (…) Citizens and institutions shall have the right to establish primary and secondary schools and institutions of higher education and educational development institutions. The conditions for establishing and operating non-public schools, the participation of public authorities in their financing, as well as the principles of educational supervision of such schools and educational development institutions, shall be specified by statute.
Article 70 para 4 Public authorities shall ensure universal and equal access to education for citizens. To this end, they shall establish and support systems for individual financial and organizational assistance to pupils and students. The conditions for providing of such assistance shall be specified by statute.
Article 70 para 5 The autonomy of the institutions of higher education shall be ensured in accordance with principles specified by statute

7. the Law on higher education of 27 July 2005

8. Non-public HEIs In 1990 there were only 400.000 students
Within first eight years 150 new private HEIs were created
Non-public he sector between
expanding higher education market with increasing student demand
low degree of rivalry between providers
low barriers to entry
absence of state financial support for non-state HEIs
limited range of study fields and focusing on high-demand low-cost vocational study programs at medium or low tuition fees levels.
Non-public sector between
mature higher education market
stable student demand
high degree rivalry between providers
absence of state financial support for private higher education
steady sales growth strategy, focusing on the entire market rather than selected student marke

9. Non-public HEIs In 1990 there were only 400.000 students
Within first eight years 150 new private HEIs were created
Non-public he sector between
expanding higher education market with increasing student demand
low degree of rivalry between providers
low barriers to entry
absence of state financial support for non-state HEIs
limited range of study fields and focusing on high-demand low-cost vocational study programs at medium or low tuition fees levels.
Non-public sector between
mature higher education market
stable student demand
high degree rivalry between providers
absence of state financial support for private higher education
steady sales growth strategy, focusing on the entire market rather than selected student marke

10. The number of HEIs Public HEIs Non-public HEIs 1990/1991 100
2013/
1997/
1998/
1999/
2000/
2001/
2002/
2003/
2004/
2005/
2006/
2007/
2008/
2009/
2010/
2011/
2012/
2013/

11. The number of students after 1990
1990/
1991/
992/ …
1993/
1994/
1995/
1996/
1997/
1998/
1999/
2000/
2001/
2002/
2003/
2004/
2005/
2006/
2007/
2008/
2009/
2010/
2011/
2012/
2013/

12. Europeanization of HE Academic year number of international students
1995/
2000/
2001/
2002/
2003/
2004/
2005/
2006/
2007/
2008/
2009/
2010/
2011/
2012/
2013/

13. The Bologna Process The Bologna Declaration, 1999
30 ministers for higher education decided to create the European Higher Education Area by 2010
Aims:
a system of academic degrees that are easy to recognize and compare. It includes the introduction of a shared diploma supplement to improve transparency; creation of the European Qualification Framework
a system based essentially on two cycles: a first cycle geared to the labour market and lasting at least three years, and a second cycle (Master) conditional on the completion of the first cycle;
a system of accumulation and transfer of credits of the ECTS type used in the Erasmus exchange scheme;
mobility of students, teachers and researchers: elimination of all obstacles to freedom of movement;
cooperation with regard to quality assurance;
the European dimension in higher education: increase the number of modules and teaching and study areas where the content, guidance or organization has a European dimension
providing equal opportunities to quality education
Lifelong learning

14. The “new” Law on Higher Education
The Law on Higher Education of 27 July 2005
and subsequent amendments to this act approved 2011
Everything is regulated by the Law on Higher Education statute and dozens of regulations issued by the Minister for Science and Higher Education

15. Programme design
Polish Higher Institutions have never had full autonomy in starting new programms of study
Before 2011 the names of courses were defined by the Minister responsible for higher education
In 2011 the Law on higher education abolished the competence of the Minister to issue the names and requirements for university programs but the National Qualification Framework for Higher Education was created

16. The Quality of Higher Education
evaluation of higher education quality is closely connected with the accreditation process
The Polish Accreditation Committee (PAC) is responsible for both: evaluation and accreditation
Since 2011 the PAC is responsible for newly created two types of assessment: program control and institutional control;
In 2011 conditions of the two types of evaluation were determined by the Ministry

19. Financing HE and science as of 2013
Financing of higher education - 0,7 % GDP
Financing of science - 0,44 % GDP