1. Layers of the Earth and Plate Tectonics
Volcanoes and Earthquakes

2. Earth History: Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Key Concept: Earth’s surface is constantly changing.
Essential Question:
After comparing the causes and effects of volcanoes and earthquakes, evaluate if one is worse than the other. Support your answer with evidence that is reliable, including any counter arguments.

3. “Earthquake vs Volcano . . . Which is Worse?” Argument Writing Prompt
Science Argument
“Earthquake vs Volcano Which is Worse?”
Argument Writing Prompt
Your father has been hired by a company that has two locations. One location is the big island of Hawaii and the other location is San Francisco, CA. He can work at the location of his choice, but must make a decision soon.
At first you are excited about the prospect of living in either of the two locations! But, your friends had different opinions about living in a place that has an active volcano or a place where earthquakes can occur. This lead to a debate about which is worse: a volcanic eruption or an earthquake.
In your opinion, which is worse?

4. TURN and TALK: A’s talk to B’s
In your opinion . . .
Which is worse,
an earthquake or a volcanic eruption?

5. Activating Prior Knowledge
What do you know about the earths interior?
Draw a diagram using your iPad to represent what you think the interior of the earth looks like?
What are the layers composed of ?

6. Building Background Knowledge
Layers of the Earth Flip Book
Fold each page of the flip book on the slash lines.
Arrange the folded pages one inside the other so that the circles match at the bottom.
Check to see if the pages are in order by the numbers in the upper right corners.
Staple close to the edge on the fold in three places: middle and on each end.
Use the resources at your desk to write 4 facts about each layer of the earth. Color in each layer as you get to that page.

7. General Information
Scientists think that the Earth was created about 5 billion years ago.   At first, the Earth was just a ball of molten rock and gasses. As it began to cool, dense materials like iron sank down into its core. Lighter materials like compounds of oxygen and water rose toward the surface.   That's why the Earth is made up of different layers -- as you can see in the cross section on the next slide.

9. The Crust
Hard and rigid, the crust is the outermost layer of the Earth
The crust is also the most narrow of the layers of the Earth. Measuring only an average of 20 miles deep under the continents.
There are two types of crust:
oceanic crust and continental crust.

10. Song Lyrics: The Layers of The Earth (The Crust)
The continental crust’s surface is where we breathe A lot of rock up to 25 miles deep. The oceanic crust is next door It’s 3-5 miles thick just below the ocean floor. Earth’s surface: 70% H20. Where do you get all that water? Salty sea flow, fresh water’s in the glaciers, ice caps, and snow.
Chorus Throw your hands up for the layers of the earth Throw ‘em up for what’s below the surface Throw your hands up, and let’s discuss The inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust

11. The Lithosphere Found between The Crust and The Mantle
Made up of The Crust and a little bit of The Upper Mantle
Divided into several constantly (slowly) moving plates of solid rock from which the continents and oceans are formed.

12. The Mantle
Is divided into two regions. The Upper Mantle, and the Lower Mantle.
This layer is dense, hot and made of hot, semisolid rock.
Found directly below the crust
About 1,800 miles thick.

13. Asthenosphere
A section of the upper mantle on which the Lithosphere (tectonic) plates float
Plate shown on next slide
Made of a hot semi-liquid material

14. TECTONIC PLATES

15. Song Lyrics: The Layers of The Earth (The Mantle)
Chorus Throw your hands up for the layers of the earth Throw ‘em up for what’s below the surface Throw your hands up, and let’s discuss The inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust
Verse II The mantle layer is the largest of the class. About half of our planet’s mass. The mantle is composed of very hot dense rocks, That move and flow, always on the go, they never lock, Never stop, and they’re responsible for tectonic shift Please believe the Earth’s plates are adrift It’s pretty thick and the heat is awesome 1,600 at the top, 4,000 at the bottom

16. The Core The core is divided into two regions. The Outer Core
The only liquid layer of the Earth
A sea of metal: iron and nickel
1,800-3,200 miles below the Earth’s surface
1,400 miles thick
The Inner Core
Extremely hot solid ball found in the center of the Earth
3,200-3,925 miles below the Earth’s surface
750 miles in diameter – about the size of the moon

17. Song Lyrics -The Layers of The Earth (The Core)
Chorus Throw your hands up for the layers of the earth Throw ‘em up for what’s below the surface Throw your hands up, and let’s discuss The inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust Verse I The layer we’ll discuss first Is the central inner core, in the center of the earth A solid ball buried below the dirt We believe it’s primarily metallic iron You could never take a trip to the inner core, right? The heat will burn you up, 9,000º Fahrenheit 4,000 miles below the Earth’s crust One down three to go y’all. 1,800 miles from the tip top The outer core is hard at work and it don’t stop. It’s busy spinning around the inner core, and listen, This steady movement causes Earth’s magnetism. Ranging from 4 to 9,000 degrees, It contributes 1/5 of the heat flowin’ to you and me. It’s liquid metals that violently flow So let it settle… and when you’re ready let me know. Just…

18. How do scientists know that
To think about . . .
How do scientists know that
the earth is made up of
different layers?
Demo: Vibrations (Seismic) waves in a Basin

19. The question now is….
What is causing the tectonic plates to move?

20. Plate Tectonics Vocabulary
the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle
Tectonic plates:
large plates of rock that make up the foundation of the Earth's crust and the shape of the continents. The tectonic plates comprise the bottom of the crust and the top of the Earth's mantle

21. How is the energy for moving the large land masses that make up Earth’s crust created?

22. Most of Earth's heat is stored in the mantle and there are four sources that keep it hot. First, there's the heat left over from when gravity first condensed a planet from the cloud of hot gases and particles in pre-Earth space. As the molten ball cooled, some 5 billion years ago, the outside hardened and formed a crust. The mantle is still cooling down Read more at:

23. Convection Currents
Add arrows to your mantle layer to show the convection currents formed as molten rock in the mantle is heated and rises, then sinks as it becomes cooler.

24. How Does it Happen?
Convection currents: Video Clip Plate boundaries

25. Convection Currents

26. The convection currents in the molten rock of the mantle work the same as convection currents in boiling water and many other situations.
Convection currents in boing water:
Convention currents are everywhere:

27. TECTONIC PLATES

28. Arrows show the direction of the plate movement.
Length of the arrow show the rate of movement.

29. Plate Boundaries Boundary The border between two tectonic plates.
There are three different types of boundaries
Some boundaries are Collision Zones The place where a collision between two continental plates crunches and folds the rocks at the boundary, lifting them up and leading to mountain formation.

30. Different Plate Boundaries
the Nazca and the South American plates.
ither in opposite directi
3. When two plates slide past each other, e
ons or in the
boundaries.
Example of the effects of each type of boundary.
Floating Plates on the Earth 2002© 6/4/2002
same direction at different speeds. Earthquakes occur at transform fault
common at these boundaries.
other. Volcanic arcs forms at this type of boundary.
e, one plate bends and slides under the
forms when two ocean plates collid
2c. mountain ranges-
When two continental plates collid
ranges. Earthquakes are
e, they crumple up and form mountain
Divergent
the Eurasian and the African plates
Transform Fault Boundary
collided with the Eurasian Plate
formed when the Indo-Australian Plate
1. The San Andreas Fault is a transform
fault boundary and has been the site of
Floating Plates on the Earth 2002© 6/4/2002
many earthquakes.
2. Himalayan Mountains in Asia were
rmed at the convergent boundary of
causing the Mid Atlantic ridge
2b. subduction zone-
2. Great Rift Valley
in eastern Africa
1. Andes Mountains of South America fo
Convergent
1. North American plate moving away from
volcanoes tend to occur.
are called the lithosphere.
tle, these two parts together
The layer below the lithosphere is the asthenosphere.
The lithosphere floats or moves around on the asthenosphere.
1. move apart
Three ways the plates can move.
ust and a part of the upper man
Plates are composed of the cr
Notes on Plate Tectonics
Floating Plates on the Earth 2002© 6/4/2002
Plate tectonics states that the Earth's crus
t and upper mantle are broken into sections,
These plates move around the mantle.
called plates.
2. move together
3. move past each other
2a. subduction zone-
slowly pushes away from the ridge.
forms when ocean floor plate collides
with a less dense continental plate,
nse continental plate. This is where
the ocean plate sinks under the less de
rm new seafloor, which new magma
mid-ocean ridges and cools to fo
1. Divergent boundary
Name of the three types of boundaries.
2. Convergent boundary
3. Transform fault boundary
the Earth's mantle rises to the surface at
1. seafloor spreading - when magma from
Effects of each type of boundary on the earth's surface
Different Plate Boundaries
As you view each of the following slides, complete the concept map similar to the one below:
Earth’s Plates
Movement
of Plates
Boundary
Name
and
illustration
Effects
Examples

31. Divergent Plate Boundary
The boundary that occurs where two plates are moving apart from each other.
Effects: Ridges and Seafloor Spreading

32. Convergent Plate Boundary
The boundary that occurs where two plates are pushing toward each other.
Effects: volcanoes, earthquakes
and mountains
The Himalayas
Subduction Zone
Examples of subduction zone volcanoes: Mt. St Helens, Krakatau (Indonesia), Ambrym (Vanuatu), Usu (Japan)

33. Transform plate boundary
The boundary that occurs where two plates slide past each other.
Effect: earthquakes
San Andres Fault in CA

34. Animations of the plate boundaries http://www. classzone

35. DO NOT EAT THE COOKIE! Plate Tectonics Lab
Sliding Plate Over Asthenosphere
Use your cookie to demonstrate what this looks like.
What does the
white cream filling
represent in the model?

36. Divergent Plate Boundary
Plate Tectonics Lab
DO NOT EAT THE COOKIE!
Divergent Plate Boundary
Use your cookie to demonstrate what this looks like.

37. Plate Tectonics Lab Convergent Plate Boundary DO NOT EAT THE COOKIE!
Use your cookie to demonstrate what this looks like.

38. Plate Tectonics Lab Transform Plate Boundary DO NOT EAT THE COOKIE!
Use your cookie to demonstrate what this looks like.

39. EAT THE COOKIE! Plate Tectonics Lab Numnumnumnum…
And draw what the different boundaries look like in your notebook.

41. Vocabulary Continued
Fault A crack or fracture in Earth's crust where two tectonic plates grind past each other in a horizontal direction.
Rift A dropped zone where two tectonic plates are pulling apart.

42. Layers of the Earth Rap Here we go again… Make sure to listen to
the details in
the song’s
lyrics

43. Earthquakes and Volcanoes
What do the layers in the earth’s interior and tectonic plate boundaries have to do with earthquakes and volcanoes?
Turn and Talk: 1’s talk to 2’s and
3’s talk to 4’s

44. REVIEW of the Types of Plate Boundaries

45. Review of the tectonic plate boundaries

47. World Volcano Distribution
Pacific Ring
of Fire

50. A closer look at Volcanoes
Go to the following link on your iPad
Volcanoes 101 – Viewing Guide
Volcanoes are openings or _________________ into the hot interior of the planet.
About __________ volcanoes around the world or classified as active.
Nearly 90% of these active volcanoes are located in a band around the Pacific Ocean called the ___________ ___ ___________.
The location is no accident. Explain why. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Not all lava is the same, so it creates different types of volcanoes:
Shield volcanoes - ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Composite volcanoes - ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Kailua in Hawaii is a _________________ volcano which means that ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A pyroclastic flow of super-heated _______ , poisonous _________, and __________is far more dangerous than a lava flow. Mt. Vesuvius is an example of such an eruption that buried Pompeii claiming the lives of 2000 people.
Explain what is meant when it is said that volcanoes are both creators and destroyers?
___________________________________________________________________

51. On your Own: Volcanoes Include in your notes:
Kids Discover Magazine: VOLCANOES
As you read the article in the magazine -
take notes – What’s worse???
Include in your notes:
any benefits (pros) that come from
Any negative aspects (cons) of volcanoes
Look for any counter arguments that you need to address?

52. A closer look at Earthquakes
Go to the following link on your iPad
Earthquakes Viewing Guide
In ________, California had a massive earthquake along the __________________ _________, shaking for _____ seconds.
Explain why the disaster is only beginning after the trembling stops? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
An __________________ is the trembling of the ground when masses of rock suddenly shift below the earth’s surface.
Though hundreds of earthquakes take place every day, most pass __________________.
Earthquakes usually take place along lines called ________________ where the plates grind against each other.
__________________ builds up when the movement is blocked and then finally the fault gives way.
Released energy gives way in the form of seismic WAVES that travel through the earth.
These waves can be _________________ on a machine called a seismograph.
The size of an earthquake can be graded using the Richter ____________ .
Every year about ________________ earthquakes occur that are hard enough to be felt, but only about 1000 are strong enough to damage property.
The greatest earthquake to hit North America measured a _________ on the Richter scale in ________________ in 1964.
What is a question you have that was not answered in the video? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

53. On your own Include in your notes:
Kids Discover Magazine: EARTHQUAKES
As you read the article in the magazine -
take notes – What’s worse???
Include in your notes:
any benefits (pros) that come from
Any negative aspects (cons) of volcanoes
Look for any counter arguments that you need to address?

54. On a sheet of loose-leaf paper, put a complete heading
DO NOW
On a sheet of loose-leaf paper, put a complete heading
for an Entrance Ticket:
Science Name in Cursive
Drawing Conclusions Date ___ Core ___

55. Analyzing Data/Drawing Conclusions
Entrance Ticket Question using the two tables:
What conclusion(s) can be drawn from the data about the largest earthquakes and volcanoes.

56. Take a stance…Make a claim…
At the beginning of the unit, you discussed what your first thought was about which is worse…
A volcanic eruption or an earthquake?
Now… Which do you think is worse???
Your research will now focus on finding three reasons why you think __________ are worse.
In your notebook/FOLDER, Take notes and/or use the graphic organizers.

57. Writing your Argument . . .
A universal method for writing an argumentative essay is the five-paragraph approach. This is, however, by no means the only formula for writing such essays.

58. 6-Paragraph Essay 1. Introduction, with thesis
2-3-4 Arguments (at least three)
Volcanoes . . .
Facts
Examples
Volcanoes….
Volcanoes…
5. Counter argument(s) addressed
6. Conclusion

59. Structure of an Argumentative Essay
In the first paragraph of an argumentative essay, the writer must establish a clear, concise, and defined thesis statement. Set the background by reviewing the topic in a general way in the introduction. Next, the writer should state why the topic or issue being argued is important or why the readers must care to read about it. This section of the essay is important if you are to compose an effective argument in the later parts of the essay.

60. What is a Thesis Statement?
The thesis statement is that sentence or two in your text that contains the focus of your essay and tells your reader what the essay is going to be about. A solid thesis statement provides a paper with direction and lays the foundation for what you plan to argue and support. To be effective, your thesis statement must answer a question. The thesis statement usually appears near the beginning of a paper. It can be the first sentence of an essay, but that often feels like a simplistic, unexciting beginning. It more frequently appears at or near the end of the first paragraph.

61. Thesis Statement Pollution is harmful for the atmosphere
Is this a good example of a thesis statement?
Pollution is harmful for the atmosphere
The above statement is not considered as a debatable thesis statement. Why so? Because pollution itself means something that is not good or negative. Furthermore, pollution is taken as a problem for the whole world. In that case, nobody would possibly agree or argue upon pollution being something positive or good. Let’s have a look at the vice versa of this non debatable statement

62. Outline Development
Without a logical development of thought, the reader is unable to follow the essay’s argument.
Using clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion will hold the essay together. Transitions should wrap up the design of the previous part and introduce the idea that is to follow in the next paragraph.

63. Paragraphing Format
Every paragraph should be restricted to the discussion of one broad idea. This will allow for clarity throughout the essay. Additionally, such conciseness creates readability for the audience. It is central to note that every paragraph in the body of the essay must have some reasonable connection to the thesis statement in the opening paragraph. The body paragraphs will directly support the thesis statement with evidence collected during research. It is also important to clarify how and why the facts support the thesis.

64. Adding Contradicting Perspectives
On the other hand, argumentative essays should also reflect on and explain contradictory points of view concerning the topic. Depending on the length of the essay, students should set aside one or two paragraphs of an argumentative essay to discussing conflicting opinions on the subject matter.

65. Conclusion
This portion of the essay will leave an immediate idea on the mind of the reader. Therefore, it must be effective and logical. Do not introduce any new information into the conclusion; rather, summarize the information presented in the body of the essay. Paraphrase why the topic is important, evaluate the main points, and review your thesis.