1. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

2. Behavior: What is it? Behavior: Ethology:
Everything an animal does & how it does it
Ethology:
The scientific study of how animals behave, particularly in their natural environment

3. Ethology: The pioneers in the study of animal behavior – 1973 Nobel Prize
Karl von Frisch
Konrad Lorenz
Niko Tinbergen

4. Types of behaviors Innate behaviors Automatic, developmentally fixed
Despite different environments, all individuals exhibit the behavior
Learned behaviors
Modified by experience
Variable

5. Animal Learning Innate Learned Fixed action Pattern Imprinting
Associative learning
ex: Classical conditioning
ex: Operant conditioning
Habituation
Insight (cognitive) learning
Observational learning

6. Fixed Action Patterns Innate behavior
Sequence of behaviors that are essentially unchangeable and conducted to completion once it is started
Triggered by a sign stimulus
Ex: Male stigglebacks exhibit aggressive territoriality…attack on red belly stimulus

7. Fixed Action Patterns
Fixed-Action Pattern: Graylag goose rolls the egg back to the nest using side-to-side head motions.
Sign stimulus: The appearance of an object near the nest. If the goose loses the egg during the retrieval process, it stops the head motion, but continues the "pulling" motion of retrieval.
Fixed-Action Pattern: The begging behaviour of newly hatched chicks (raised heads, open mouths, and loud cheeps).
Sign stimulus: Parent landing at the nest.

8. Habituation Loss of responsiveness to unimportant stimuli.
“cry-wolf” effect
Learn not to respond to repeated occurrences of stimulus
Ex: Brown bear habituation - bear viewing leads to bear tolerating people at close range

9. Imprinting
Innate behavior that is learned during a critical period early in life
Both learning and innate components
Ex: Konrad Lorenz was “mother” to these imprinted graylag goslings

10. Imprinting
Imprinting for conservation: Conservation biologists have taken advantage of imprinting by young whooping cranes as a means to teach the birds a migration route. A pilot wearing a crane suit in an ultra light plane acts as a surrogate parent.
Crane handlers wear special suits to prevent the cranes from imprinting on humans

11. Insight Learning
Is the ability to do something right the first time with no prior experience. It requires reasoning ability – the skill to look at a problem and come up with an appropriate solution.

12. Observational Learning
Is the ability of an organism to learn how to do something by watching another individual do it first, even if they have never attempted it themselves.
chimps would observe the chimp in the cage that had insight learning and stacked the boxes to get to the bananas, see the failure, and then see the solution.
When these chimps got in the cage, bang-zoom, they got to the solution a lot faster, arguably due to modeling effects.

13. Observational learning
Young chimpanzees who watch their mothers crack nuts with rock tools before learning the technique themselves

14. Associative learning
Is the process by which animals take one stimulus and associate it with another.
Learned behavior
Examples:
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning

15. Classical Conditioning
Type of associative learning
Stimulus & reward/punishment
Ex: Ivan Pavlov’s dogs

16. Operant conditioning Type of associative learning
Trial and error learning
Different from classical conditioning, because the association is made between the animal’s own behavior and a response.
B.F. Skinner

17. Operant conditioning
Having received a face full of quills, a young coyote has probably learned to avoid porcupines

18. Animal Movement Three types of animal movement 1) Kinesis 2) Taxis
3) Migration

19. Kinesis
Seemingly random change in the speed of a movement in response to a stimulus
When an organism is in a place that it enjoys, it slows down, and when in a bad environment, it speeds up. Overall this leads to an organisms spending more time in favorable environments
Ex: Pillbugs – (AP Lab 11) pillbugs prefer moist environments

20. Taxis
A reflex movement towards (positive taxis) or away (negative taxis) from a stimulus

21. Migration
Complex behavior, but still under genetic control – cyclic movement of animals over long distances according to the time of year
Bird Migration – Migrating Sandpipers

22. Animal Communication
Animals communicate in many ways…communication need not always be vocal
Chemical communication
Visual communication
Auditory communication
Tactile communication

23. Chemical communication
Trail pheromones - ants
– Pheromones
Alarm pheromones
Sex pheromones
Trail pheromones
Alarm pheromones - minnows
Sex pheromones - insects

24. Visual Communication Communication through the use of visual cues
Ex: Tail feather displays of male peacocks

25. Auditory Communication
Insect Song:
Innate, genetically controlled
Frogs croaking in the spring
Bird song:
Mixed learned and innate
Most have a critical learning period
Red winged blackbird

26. Tactile communication
Communication through the use of touch
A major form of primate tactile communication is grooming
A subordinate monkey grooming a dominant monkey.

27. Honeybee Communication
Bees provide an example of communication that involves chemical, tactile, and auditory components.
Bees do a “waggle dance” to communicate location of food
Dance provides distance and directional cues
Chemical cues – regurgitation of food source provides information “what kind of food”

28. Animal Social Behaviors
Agonistic behavior:
Results from conflict over resources
Often involves intimidation and submission
Often a matter of which animal can mount the most threatening display and scare the other into submission (symbolic: ususually no harm done)

29. Animal Social Behaviors
Dominance Hierarchies:
Ranking of power among group-living animals (subject to change)
Member with most power “alpha”
Second in command “beta”
Benefit: Less energy wasted over conflicts over food and resources
A submissive chimpanzee lets the dominant (alpha) chimpanzee know that he or she is not a threat through non-threatening postures such as presenting their back, crouching and bowing

30. Animal Social Behaviors
Territoriality
Animals defend a physical geographic area against other individuals
Area is defended because of benefits derived from it: food, mates, etc
Animal species vary in their degree of territoriality
Nesting in birds

31. Animal Social Behaviors
Altruistic Behavior
Action in which an organism helps another at its own expense
reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of recipient
kin selection

32. Animal Social Behaviors
Inclusive fitness:
Represents the overall ability of individuals to pass their own genes on to the next generation as well as providing aid to closely related individuals (related individuals share many of the same genes)
This concept can explain many cases of altruism in nature

33. Animal Social Behavior
Reciprocal altruism:
Animals behave altruistically toward others who are not relatives, hoping that the favor will be returned sometime in the future.
Animals rarely display this behavior…it is limited to species with stable social groups

34. Animal Social Behavior
Optimal foraging:
Natural selection favors those who choose foraging strategies that maximize the differential between costs and benefits.
If the effort involved in obtaining food outweighs the nutritive value of the food, forget about it.