1. Southeast Asia

3. Land Areas (in thousand km 2 ) Mexico (1,964) > Indonesia (1,905) Myanmar (677) > France (643) Thailand (513) > Spain (505) Vietnam (331) > Malaysia (330) Italy (301) > Philippines (300) U.K. (244) > Laos (237) Cambodia (181)

4. Population (in millions) U.S. (319) > Indonesia (254) Mexico (120) > Philippines (108) Vietnam (93) > Germany (81) Thailand (68) > France (66) > U.K. (64) Myanmar (56) > California (38) Malaysia (30) > Texas (26) Laos (7) > Massachusetts > Singapore (6)

5. Long history of colonialism Britain –Burma, Malay, Sarawak, Brunei French –Indochina Netherlands –East Indies United States –Philippines

6. Southeast Asia occupied

8. Southeast Asia State & Nation Building and Political Leaders

9. Development of States Four common challenges all states face historically or currently 1.building a nation-state 2.defining the role of religion 3.establishing democracy and rule of law 4.fostering economic development and fairness

10. Development of States FACTORS Historical Contemporary Domestic state & nation building pressures from below International imperialism globalization & end of cold war

11. Struggle for independence Japanese occupation (1941-1945) Colonial powers return (1945-early 1950s) Charismatic political leaders in the struggle for independence –Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh –Indonesia: Sukarno –Singapore: Lee Kuan Yew –Burma: Aung San

12. Their legacies Leaders of the independence movements Negotiations with colonial powers Charisma & popularity among public Long periods of authoritarian rule Today their political successors still play important roles in respective countries

13. Ho Chi Minh President of north Vietnam 1945 - 1969 Ho’s successors in the Communist Party of Vietnam

15. Sukarno Indonesian President (1949-66)

16. Sukarno’s daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri –Vice-President (1999 - 2001) –President (2001 - 2004) of Indonesia

17. Lee Kuan Yew Prime Minister of Singapore (1959 - 90) His chosen successor: Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong (1990 - 2004) His son: Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong (2004-)

19. Aung San Prime Minister of British Burma (1945 - 1947)

20. Aung San’s daughter Aung San Suu Kyi: main opposition leader in Myanmar

22. Second-generation leaders After initial state & nation building, the 2nd generation leaders gained power through institutional and/or democratic means Long periods of authoritarian rule Long periods of economic growth –Philippines: Marcos (1965 - 1986) –Indonesia: Suharto (1968 - 1998) –Malaysia: Mahathir (1981 - 2003)

24. Marcos President of the Republic of the Philippines (1965 - 86)

26. President Benigno Aquino III The 15th President of the Philippines (2010 - ) Son of late president Corazon Aquino

28. Corruption Perceptions Index 2010 ranking from most clean to most corrupt 1. Singapore (9.3) 38. Brunei (5.5) 56. Malaysia (4.4) 78. Thailand (3.5) 110. Indonesia (2.8) 116. Vietnam (2.7) 127. Timor-Leste (2.5) 134. Philippines (2.4) 154. Cambodia (2.1) 154. Laos (2.1) 176. Myanmar (1.4)

29. Contemporary factors International: –globalization –end of cold war Domestic: –pressures from below

30. Globalization Japan’s vision: “flying geese” Japan Singapore Hong Kong Korea Taiwan Malaysia Philippines Indonesia Thailand