1. The Nature and Development of Slavery in the United States 1790-1860

2. Slavery: Post Revolution  “republican” ideology of equality and liberty  Massachusetts outlaws slavery in 1783  By 1800, slavery is banned above the Mason-Dixon Line  Northwest Ordinance of 1787 banned slavery in the Northwest Territories  Virginia and Maryland: wave of manumission—100,000 slaves are freed  George Washington freed all his slaves  Quakers promote abolition of slavery in the late 18 th century

3. Early Expansion  South Carolina and Georgia continue to import slaves until 1808  Invention of cotton gin in 1793  Louisiana Purchase in 1803  New slave states by 1819: Tennessee, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama

4. Causes  Technology  cotton gin  transportation revolution  Textile factories: New England’s Lowell System  New territories  Exhausted soils in Old South  Indian Removal  War of 1812  Indian Removal Act of 1830 and Trail of Tears  Black Hawk and Seminole Wars of the 1830s

5. Slavery in 1860  Fifteen slave states  Southern population:  9 million total  3.6 million slaves  250,000 free blacks (mostly urban areas)  Most slaves lived on middling plantations and small farms  Slave trade  250,000 slaves imported illegally  Thriving domestic trade: “breeding” plantations of Upper South

6. Nature and Characteristics Small Farms  More Common  Masters worked alongside slaves  Worked long, hard hours  Less harshly treated: were a more significant investment  Were not profitable Large Plantations  Less common but more profitable  Strict chain of command, structure, and greater organization  Possessed skilled artisans such as carpenters, masons, and blacksmiths considered even more valuable than field hands  Possessed household slaves (domestics): cooks, valets, coachmen, nannies

7. Large Plantations Mistress Master White overseer or Black slave drivers House Servants Skilled Artisan s Black field hands and unskilled laborers Mt. Vernon

8. Slave Life  Usually two parent families and extended kinship  Lived in slave quarters: developed own culture  Children begin work at 7 years old  Grandparents take care of younger children  Average life span: 30-40 years  Slave codes  “chattel” (property)  Had no legal rights  Could not legally get married: “jump” the broom  Large families encouraged

9. Slave Life  Treatment of slaves varied  Threat of separation of families: 1 in 3 were separated  Use of the whip: “breaking” a slave  Women subject to rape and exploitation  Slave resistance  Runaways  Work slowdowns  Sabotage  Underground Railroad

10. Slavery: Justifications  Biblical Justification: Admonitions to servants to obey their masters (it’s in the Bible)  Historical Justification: The preexistence of slavery in great civilizations (i.e. Rome, Greece, Egypt )  Legal Justification: US Constitution’s refusal to forbid slavery and states’ rights (9 th and 10 th amendments)  Pseudoscientific Justification: “Black deficiency”, “barbaric” and “inherently inferior” (better off as slaves)  Sociological Justification: Feared end of slavery would result in chaos, loss of “Beautiful Country”

11. Socio-economic Impact  Created semi-feudal society  Economy remained largely agricultural  Limited immigration  Few urban areas  Created a large class of rural and poor whites  Social, cultural, and political life dominated by the elite  Vastly different pace of life and customs

12. Abolishing Slavery in America  Video Clip: Overview  http://video.pbs.org/video/2291360172/: Childhood http://video.pbs.org/video/2291360172/  http://video.pbs.org/video/2292086226/ : Adult http://video.pbs.org/video/2292086226/  http://video.pbs.org/video/2319979061/ : The End http://video.pbs.org/video/2319979061/

13. Frederick Douglass  Reading from Frederick Douglass Slave Narrative  As you read the introduction, circle unknown words and define them in the margins  Highlight main points/claims made by Garrison regarding the Slave Narrative in one color  At the end,  Summarize Garrison’s Introduction in a few sentences  What is your reaction to the Introduction? Why?

14. Frederick Douglass  Read the selected chapters from the slave narrative  Circle and define unknown words  For each chapter, highlight key descriptions/events/people/situations that stand out to you. In the margins, comment for each highlight  At the end,  Summarize each chapter  What is your reaction to each chapter and why?