1. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 1 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Food consumption patterns Demographics and trends International comparisons Issues in food markets Food marketing choices

2. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 2 Food Consumption Patterns Increasing consumption—so far… Pork Chicken Turkey Fish Cheese Fresh fruit Frozen vegetables Flour and cereal products Soft drinks Declining—so far… Beef Eggs Whole milk Sugar Coffee No evident trend Ice cream Butter, margarine Fruit juices Lamb Fresh potatoes

3. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 3 Possible Effects of Adkins Diet Increases: Beef Butter Cream Nuts Declining Sweetener Frozen potato product Fresh fruit, vegetables Low fat diets Increases Chicken Fish Low fat dairy Fruit Vegetables Decreases Beef, lamb Eggs Sweetened products

4. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 4 Definition Demographics : the description of a population in terms its size, distribution, and structure

5. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 5 Issues in Demographics Population size: number of individuals distribution across a geographic region rural, urban, or suburban Structure age economic stratification occupational distribution status/social class

6. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 6 Demographics helps Understand current markets--demand for products explained in terms of personal characteristics Predict future markets

7. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 7 U.S. demographic trends Population increasing (due to immigration) Increasing average age More small households Delay in marriage and children Fewer children per couple High rates of divorce Increasing levels of education Increasing ethnic diversity High rates of female workforce participation; dependence on dual incomes

8. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 8 Japanese Demographic and Social Trends Zero or negative population growth Low levels of immigration Graying population More one child families Significant delays in marriage and children High incomes in nominal terms but lower purchasing power Prolonged economic stagnation Intense competition for jobs and colleges Relatively even income distribution Low regard for many foreign products, but also some desire for “mystique.” Increasing rates of workforce participation among younger women

9. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 9 Chinese Population Trends Wide variations across geographic regions Population growth slowing in most regions due to “one child policy”  children become “little emperors” Highly cyclical economy with generally high growth rates; increasing group of affluent consumers Migration toward cities China’s entry into WTO may open the way for agricultural imports

10. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 10 German Demographic and Social Trends Shrinking population High tax rates put pressure on income Trend toward later marriages and fewer children Distrust of immigration Imports from other EU countries preferred High female workforce participation; dual income essential High levels of welfare and government programs

11. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 11 Demographic and Political Trends in the Middle East High birth rates Economies heavily dependent on price of oil; limited economic growth Large disparities in income in some areas Limited ability to grow food in desert environments Food imports dependent on political considerations Female workforce participation varies

12. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 12 U.S. Food Consumption and Demand Typical family spends 9-11% of income on food Decreasing percentage spent with increasing income, but more absolute dollars spent (income elasticity <1) Immigration has influenced both food preferences and retail formats

13. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 13 Comparative Food Spending Percentages, 1994 Philippines: 56% India: 51% Mexico: 25% (modest incomes, relatively high prices) South Africa: 28% Japan: 18% (very expensive food but high incomes) West Germany: 17% Denmark: 15% (25% sales tax!) France: 15% Netherlands: 11% U.K.: 11% Canada: 10% Percentages of total expenditures—includes non-consumer spending such as government and industry. U.S. figure: 7%

14. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 14 Some Common U.S. Food Outlets Supermarkets Neighborhood food stores Convenience stores Drug and discount stores Gas stations Vending machines Food stands, street vendors Restaurants Cafeterias Specialty food stores Door-to-door sales Online and catalog orders

15. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 15 Some International Characteristics Japan: Strong emphasis on neighborhood stores, vending machines Europe: Large food stores are available, some may deliver; government protection of smaller retailers Developing countries: Food often bought at open markets

16. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 16 Some Food Demand Issues Income elasticity Price elasticity Normal vs. “inferior” goods Cross-price elasticity “Trading Up” within select categories Increased interest in convenience foods Conflict between demand for healthier and “junk” foods Unplanned purchases and consumption “Functional” foods

17. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 17 Some Functional Foods Fortified foods “Health” foods Cranberry juice Green tea Soy based foods Organic foods

18. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 18 Away-From-Home and Prepared Foods 48% of food expenditures on items eaten away from home (1999) Large part of restaurant meals is for non- food costs Labor Ambiance Facilities Increase in take-out foods from restaurants and stores

19. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 19 Public Food Programs Food stamps were created mostly to promote demand for farm products (thus only American products) Only a limited amount of food stamp value goes toward increased consumption (cash is diverted elsewhere)

20. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 20 Some Food Marketing Issues Branding Innovation Brand extensions and improvements to existing product categories New product categories Consumer brand loyalty: The ability to resist promotional efforts of competitors— not consistent choice of brand Multi-brand loyalty

21. MKTG 442 FOOD CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, AND MARKETING Lars Perner, Instructor 21 The Four Ps of Marketing Product Differentiation from competitors “Me too” products tend to be unsuccessful Pricing Price positioning of the brand Low Value High (prestige) Consistency of pricing Distribution Options available Intensive vs. selective distribution Promotion Advertising for brand building Some other options: Samples Price promotion Coupons Trade promotion