1. Disposal Overview Adapted from the FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal (2012)

2. Responder roles and responsibilities Overview of disposal methods Selection considerations Classification of waste materials USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview This Presentation

3. Roles and Responsibilities USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview

4. Incident Command System Used to manage people and resources Disposal Group personnel – Operations Section – Vary depending on incident size and scope USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview

5. Disposal Group Supervisor – Makes disposal method recommendations – Organizes and directs disposal activities Disposal Group Team Leader – Ensures disposal procedures are carried out Team Members – Perform disposal activities USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview Disposal Group Personnel

6. Cooperation and communication – State Veterinarian – State Agency for Environmental Protection – Appraisal Group and Compensation Unit – Euthanasia Group – Biosecurity Group – Cleaning and Disinfection Group USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview Preparation

7. Specific Disposal Methods USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview

8. Decomposition method – Carcasses placed between layers of carbon rich organic materials – Aerobic process – Nitrogen provided by carcasses – Carbon provided by plant materials (co-compost/ cover materials) USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview Composting Overview

9. Uses heat to convert carcasses into – Protein-based solids – Water – Melted fat/tallow Inedible products Dry rendering Batch or continuous throughput USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview Rendering Overview

10. Three types of permitted landfills – Construction and demolition – Hazardous waste – Municipal solid waste Used for catastrophic carcass disposal USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview Permitted Landfill Overview

11. Carcasses or waste materials placed in trench, earthen hole, or pit Buried materials degrade over time Leachate produced – Groundwater contamination possible Heavy equipment needed USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview Unlined Burial Overview

12. High-temperature combustion Three methods – Fixed facility incineration Highly controlled and effective – Open-air (uncontrolled) burning Poorly controlled, negative air quality effects – Air-curtain incineration Forced air and fuel improve efficiency USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview Thermal Methods Overview

13. Disposal options in development – Lactic acid fermentation – Gasification – In situ plasma vitrification – Alkaline hydrolysis Drawbacks – Expensive – Used in highly specialized operations – Sized for routine use USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview Novel Disposal Methods

14. Site-Specific Disposal Method Selection Criteria USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview

15. Regional limitations Safety considerations Animals to be disposed – Biomass (including by-products) – Equipment – Species – Personnel Temporary storage USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview Disposal Method Selection

16. Environmental – Air and water quality – Soil integrity Biosecurity – Transportation (human/vehicular traffic) – Wildlife and scavengers – Impact human and/or animal health USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview Avoiding Negative Impacts

17. Waste Classification and Disposal USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview

18. All non-nuclear waste designated as “solid” – Hazardous (solid) waste – Medical/infectious (solid) waste Utilize professionals to help classify waste USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview Classification Overview

19. Waste materials can include: – Liquid wastes (milk, wastewater, etc.) – Manure, litter, slurry – Livestock feeds Disposal methods vary according to pathogen – May include burning, burial, composting, or landfilling USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview Associated Waste Materials

20. FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines & SOP: Disposal (2012) – http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_ health/emergency_management/ http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_ health/emergency_management/ Disposal web-based training module – http://naherc.sws.iastate.edu/ http://naherc.sws.iastate.edu/ USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview For More Information

21. Authors Reneé Dewell, DVM, MS (CFSPH) Tom Glanville, PhD (Iowa State University) Significant contributions to the content were provided by USDA APHIS VS: Lori P. Miller, PE Darrel K. Styles, DVM, PhD USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Overview Guidelines Content

22. Acknowledgments Development of this presentation was by the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University through funding from the USDA APHIS Veterinary Services PPT Author: Kerry Leedom Larson, DVM, MPH, PhD, DACVPM Reviewers: Janice Mogan, DVM; Reneé Dewell, DVM, MS