1. Cyber Threats/Security and System Security of Power Sector Workshop on Crisis & Disaster Management of Power Sector P.K.Agarwal, AGM Power System Operation Corporation pk.agarwal@posoco.in

2. SECURITY 2 Cyber Threats/Security and System Security April 17, 2013

3. Security Acronyms Threat – Cyber Space Cyber Threat Security Vulnerability Risk Risk Management Vulnerabilities Security vs Cyber Security Information Security vs System Security Defense-in-depth April 17, 2013 3 Cyber Threats/Security and System Security

4. What is Security Confidentiality Integrity Availability Authentication Unauthorised access to Infomation Unauthorised Modification or Theft of Infomation Denial of Service or Prevention of Authorised Access Cyber Threats/Security and System Security Non-Repudiation Accountability: Denial of Action That took place, or claim of Action that did not take place CIA Triad E-Commerce The individual is who he claims to be.

5. SECURITY CONCERNS FOR POWER SECTOR 5 Cyber Threats/Security and System Security April 17, 2013

6. Concerns Current power grid depends on complex network of computers, software and communication technologies. If compromised, have the potential to cause great damages. A cyber attack has the unique in nature that it can be launched through public network from a remote location Form any where in the world. Coordinated to attack many locations Cyber Threats/Security and System Security 6 April 17, 2013

7. More Concerns The legacy communication method used for grid operations also provide potential cyber attack paths. Many cyber vulnerabilities in Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) System have been surfaced. Level of automation in substations is increasing, which can lead more cyber security issues. Recent study have shown that the deployed components have significant cyber vulnerabilities. Cyber Threats/Security and System Security 7 April 17, 2013

8. Still More Concerns Increasing use of standard and open system – “Security by Obscurity” is no more valid. Efforts of energy sector to uncover system vulnerabilities develop effective countermeasures have prevented serious damages to electric supply chain. Some of these vulnerabilities are in the process of being mitigated. However, attack on energy control systems have been successful in many cases. Cyber Threats/Security and System Security 8 April 17, 2013

9. What is Security? Some Key Concepts 1.For power systems, keeping the lights on is the primary focus. Therefore the key security requirements are Availability and Integrity, not Confidentiality (AIC, not CIA) 2.Encryption, by itself, does not provide security. 3.Security threats can be deliberate attacks OR inadvertent mistakes, failures, and natural disasters. 4.The most dangerous “attacker” is a disgruntled employee who knows exactly where the weaknesses are the easiest to breach and could cause the worst damage. 5.Security solutions must be end-to-end to avoid “man-in-the-middle” attacks or failed equipment from causing denial of service 6.Security solutions must be layered, so that if one layer is breached, the next will be there. Security is only as strong as its weakest link. 7.Security will ALWAYS be breached at some time – there is no perfect security solution. Security must always be planned around that eventuality. 8.Security measures must balance the cost of security against the potential impact of a security breach April 17, 2013 9 Cyber Threats/Security and System Security

10. CYBER SECURITY IN POWER SYSTEM 10 Cyber Threats/Security and System Security April 17, 2013

11. 11 To maintain power system reliability, need to manage both the Power System Infrastructure and its supporting Information Infrastructure Central Generating Station Step-Up Transformer Distribution Substation Receiving Station Distribution Substation Distribution Substation Commercial Industrial Commercial Gas Turbine Diesel Engine Cogeneration Turbine Fuel cell Micro- turbine Wind Power Residential Storage Photovoltaic systems Control Center Operators, Planners & Engineers 2. Communications and Information Infrastructure 1.Power System Infrastructure Cyber Threats/Security and System Security

12. Traditional Security Measures Cannot Meet All Power System Security Requirements Two key security issues for utilities are power system reliability and legacy equipment: Power systems must continue to operate as reliably as possible even during a security attack. It is financially and logistically impractical to replace older power system equipment just to add security measures. Layered security is critical not only to prevent security attacks, but also to detect actual security breaches, to survive during a security attack, and to log all events associated with the attack. Most traditional “IT” security measures, although able to prevent and/or detect security attacks, cannot directly help power systems to continue operating. For legacy systems and for non-critical, compute-constrained equipment, compensating methods may need to be used in place of these traditional “IT” security measures. April 17, 2013 12 Cyber Threats/Security and System Security

13. Use of Power System SCADA and Energy Management Systems for Certain Security Solutions One method for addressing these problems is to use existing power system management technologies as a valid and very powerful method of security management, particularly for detecting, coping with, and logging security events. Add sensors, intelligent controllers, and intrusion-detection devices on “critical” equipment Utilize and expand existing SCADA systems to monitor these additional security-related devices Expand the SCADA system to monitor judiciously selected power system information from AMI systems. Expand Power Flow analysis functions to assess anomalous power system behaviors such as unexpected shifts of load and generation patterns, and abnormal power flow contingency analysis results to identify unexpected situations. April 17, 2013 13 Cyber Threats/Security and System Security

14. CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES. Cyber Threats/Security and System Security 14 April 17, 2013

15. Challenges Increasing Number Of Systems and Size of Code Base Control Systems Not Designed with Security in Mind Increasing Use of COTS Hardware and Software New Customer Touch Points into Utilities New 2-Way Systems (e.g. AMI, DSM) Increasing Interconnection and Integration Increased Attack Surface Increased Risk to Operations Cyber Threats/Security and System Security 15 April 17, 2013

16. Barriers Cyber threats are unpredictable and evolve faster than the sector’s ability to develop and deploy countermeasures Security upgrades to legacy systems are limited by inherent limitations of the equipment and architectures Threat, vulnerability, incident, and mitigation information sharing is insufficient among government and industry Weak business case for cyber security investment by industry Regulatory uncertainty in energy sector cyber security Cyber Threats/Security and System Security 16 April 17, 2013

17. Strategies Build a culture of security. Access and Monitor Risks. Develop and Implement New Protective Measures to reduce Risks. Manage Incidence. Sustain Security Improvements. Use of emerging new security technologies like data- diode. Cyber Threats/Security and System Security 17 April 17, 2013

18. Adoption of Security Standards and Framework ISO/IEC 27001 - Information Security Management System. NERC-CIP Standards-Critical Infrastructure Protection Standard. NIST IR 7628 – Guidelines for Smart Grid Cyber Security. IEC 62351 Series Security Standards Standards Cyber Security Require ments of Indian Power Grid, 27th May 2012, Mumbai 18

19. Road Map for Cyber Security of Grid Information Security Management System have been adopted by every regional load dispatch center. Each RLDC has been certified by International Certifying Body (BSI) for ISO 27001:2005. SCADA system up gradation is being done with:- Adoption of Secure ICCP. Secure connection between SCADA network and Enterprise network for cyber security. Use of air-gap technology like data-diode at interfacing point between secure and non-secure network. Cyber Threats/Security and System Security 19 April 17, 2013

20. Points to Ponder There is nothing like absolute security Every requirement is unique and every solution is unique. Security comes at a cost – need optimization. Secure real-time information is a key factor to reliable delivery of power to the end-users. Commoditization of electricity means increased players – increased exchange of power – increased requirement of security solution. Emerging technology like data-diode is an exciting technology for ensuring cyber security of critical infrastructure. Cyber Threats/Security and System Security 20 April 17, 2013

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