1. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT session begins

2. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT Obesity Marasmus Kwashiorkar Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia Diabetes mellitus Obesity Marasmus Kwashiorkar Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia Diabetes mellitus

3. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT Reasons Therapy Effects Body Mass Index

4. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT BMI is anthropometric measure [always measured in metric] that uses height and weight to estimate nutritional status in adults. BMI can indicate body shape and the degree of obesity. Both high and low BMI are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. African populations, such as the Turkana, and Samoans, are very tall and slim and hence have a very low BMI, whereas Inuit, who are short and stocky, have a high BMI. In adults, weight is used to estimate nutritional status. This can be done using Body Mass Index (BMI), where: BMI (kg/m 2 ) = Weight (kg) / (Height (m 2 )) Values of BMI in healthy individuals usually fall within the range 17 to 25 kg/m 2. Body Mass Index

5. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT Body Mass Index

6. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXITObesity the storage of excess of body fat results for a significant impairment of health. leads to variety of diseases such as - diabetes - hypertension - atheroscelerotic heart disease It is the level of 10% above the standard weight for subjects of same age and sex is considered as obesity.

7. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT  Wrong diet  Lack of exercise  Increased appetite Genetic reasons Metabolic disorders Endocrine disorders

8. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT  avoid lethargic life styles  regular physical activity  regular health check up  intake of balanced diet  avoid alcohol, quit smoking

9. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT Marasmus is more likely to occur in poor people in underdeveloped countries who live in cities. It is due to the Protein Energy Malnutrition. It affects principally infants under 15 months of age. The child may also suffer repeated infections (such as gastroenteritis) due to poor hygiene, and may be "treated" with non-nutritious fluids such as water or rice water.

10. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT -: Clinical features :- retardation of growth and reduction of weight. wasting of muscles and subcutaneous fat appears as old aged (bones are covered by the skin) -: Causes :- rapid succession of pregnancies. early and abrupt weaning. [stops breast feeding]. artificial feeding with very dilute milk or milk products. contaminated feeds and repeated Gastro intestinal infections. Treating of infants with rice water or some other non-nutritious fluid.

11. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT Treatment:  longer re-feeding periods usually required  restoration of water and electrolytes balance  nutritious diet must be given without contamination Prevention: - Avoid weaning. - Encouraging breast feeding. - developing hygienic environment. - regular feeding of infants with nutritious diet

12. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT Kwashiorkar is more endemic where the food supply becomes scarce especially in rural areas It is also due to the Protein Calorie Malnutrition. It affects the infants upto the age 5. Gastroenteritis, measles and malaria are all notorious precipitating causes of Kwashiorkar.

13. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT -: Clinical features :- belly region is enlarged due to enlargement of liver Child becomes apathetic and miserable face and feet will have oedema wastage of muscles, failure of growth, -: Causes :- Treating of infants with rice water or some other non-nutritious fluid. contaminated feeds and repeated Gastro intestinal infections. Insufficient feeding, Food with low protein diet.

14. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT Treatment:  Milk is a good base supplement with protein food  Vitamins and Minerals increase normalcy  Dermatosis must be cleared. Prevention: - Avoid the ignorance and poverty. - Encouraging food from Animal origin. - Sufficient milk, cereals and legumes do better.

15. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT GLUCOSE GLYCOGEN GLUCOSE GLYCOGEN SUGAR LEVEL IN THE BLOOD 120 mg / 100 ml INSULIN GLUCOGON

16. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT

17. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT After a carbohydrate meal, the body may produces too much pituitary hormone or too little insulin. thus the amount of sugar in the blood rises abnormally about 140mg/dl. And when the condition is maintained for a prolonged time, It is known as Hyperglycemia The normal blood glucose level is 70 to 110 mg/dl.

18. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT Hyperglycemia: Effects Hyperglycemia over a long period may cause degenerative changes in several organs. - several systems leading to malfunctions and mortality. If the blood sugar approaches level of 400mg/dl or more, in a few days causes dehydration leading to coma and death In hyperglycemia the blood may contain as much as four times the normal amount of sugar.

19. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT If an excessive amount of insulin is injected into the body also, the amount of sugar is reduced to a dangerously low level causing Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia in itself is not lethal, but it is a symptom of a serious disease, diabetes mellitus. Diabetic patients do not die of hyperglycemia, but if they are not given injections of insulin they may die Hyperglycemia: Effects

20. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT Hypoglycemia means a low plasma concentration. Fasting increases a very low level of blood glucose. It is termed as fasting hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia may result due to excess of insulin. No fixed level of blood sugar at hypoglycemic condition.

21. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT Hypoglycemia: Effects Fasting hypoglycemia: Symptoms - hunger, - increased heart beat, - tremulousness, - weakness, - nervousness and - sweating (these are due to sympathetic nervous system) Other Symptoms  confusion,  head ache,  uncoordination,  and slurred speech. (these are due to availability of too little glucan to the brain) if the plasma glucose concentration goes low, Serious brain defects such as convulsions (epilepsy) and coma can occur.

22. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT Diabetes can be due to insulin deficiency or to a hypo-responsiveness to insulin Persistent hyperglycemia leads to diabetes mellitus. Diabetes is sometimes caused by a tumour or other condition in the pancreas that prevents the formation of insulin.

23. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT Type I (Insulin dependent) diabetes Type II (Insulin independent) diabetes Type I is less common. It is due to the total or near total destruction of the pancreatic  cells Insulin is almost or completely absent from the islets of langerhans and in the blood plasma Type II occurs popularly It is due insulin resistance. Insulin target cells do not respond normally to the circulating insulin. This may result due to obesity, over-eating and lack of exercise Diet control and exercise will help to increase the insulin receptors.

24. Power Point Presentation from … T. MADHAVAN, M.Sc., M.L.I.S., M.Ed., M.Phil., Lecturer in Zoology … For bio-science students EXIT