1. Human Evolution

2. Archaeopteryx

3. Homo Erectus Pekinensis Broken Hill Australopithicus Africanus
SKULL ORDER
 Modern Man
Neanderthal
(32, ,000)
Cro magnon
( 100,000 )
Homo Erectus Pekinensis Broken Hill
(200, million)
 Australopithicus Boisei
( million)
Australopithicus Africanus
(2.3 – 3 million)

6. Comparison of skulls
GORILLA
HUMAN SKULL
CHIMPANZEE

7. UNIQUE FEATURES OF A HUMAN SKULL
Top of the skull (ie cranium) is smooth. There is no anterior-posterior crest to hold huge jaw muscles 
No protruding brow
No protruding jaw or teeth (ie the teeth are vertical)
No protruding nose bone
Teeth are arranged in a parabolic shape rather than a narrow u shape
Small canines and small incisors 
Foramen magnum (hole for the spine) is positioned directly underneath the skull not in the back of the skull

8. What do we share in common with other hominins?
This is what your research will include.
Investigation

9. Evidence for explaining theory of evolution
Natural Selection
Fossil Evidence
Comparative Anatomy
Comparative Embryology
Biogeography
DNA Hybridisation

10. Natural Selection Example of Peppered Moths
In country the industrial revolution has killed the lichen and you can see the light peppered moth is easier to see.
Unpolluted woodlands where white lichen still around harder to see then dark coloured moth.
Some controversy with this due to some fraud in Science but new evidence has determined still an example of natural selection

11. Fossil evidence
faculty.evansville.edu
geography.berkeley.edu
Evidence that many of the species existed in the past can be see from the fossilised remains of plants and animals that were trapped during the process of rock formation.

12. Comparative anatomy
Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms.
Homologous structures are similar in different species because the species have common descent
Analogous structures are similar in different organisms because they evolved in a similar environment. E.g. the torpedo body shape of porpoises and sharks.
Homologous structures
Handout that kids can put in notes
Analologous structures

13. Comparative Embryology
Closely related organisms go through similar stages in their embryonic development
(Example see figure 7.31 of text book)
nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/.../lect2.html

14. Biogeography
Clues to past evolution can be found in the natural geographic distribution of related species.
Major isolated land areas and island groups often evolved their own distinct plant and animal communi
200 million years ago all the continents were joined together in a giant land mass called Panagea.
20 million years ago Panagea broke up into 2 different land masses. Gondwana included Antartica, Australia, India, Africa and South America
45 million years ago Antartica and Australia seperated.
weblogs.madrimasd.org/.../2007/01/04.aspx

15. DNA hybridisation
DNA hybridization generally refers to a molecular biology technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences. It is usually used to determine thegenetic distance between two species. When several species are compared that way, the similarity values allow the species to be arranged in a phylogenic tree
All plants and animals receive their specific characteristics from their parents by inheriting particular combinations of genes.
Modern technology is able to use techniques such as sequencing and DNA of organism and hybridisationof DNA as tools in the investigation of the similarity
Relationship between humans and their close relatives using DNA hybridisation techniques