1. Animation

2. What is Animation?
Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images
of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions in order to
create an illusion of movement. It is an optical illusion of
motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision.
The most common method of presenting animation
is as a motion picture or a video.

3. What is Persistence of Vision?
Persistence of vision is the phenomenon of the
eye by which an afterimage is thought to persist for
approximately one twenty-fifth of a second on
the retina.
In other words, it’s the ability
of the eye to retain the impression
of an image for a short time after
the image has disappeared.

4. Six Types of Animation Techniques:
1. Stop-motion animation:
Puppet animation
Claymation
Cutout animation, etc.
2. Traditional, hand-drawn animation
3. Rotoscoping

5. Six Types of Animation Techniques:
4. Live-action animation
5. Anime
6. Computer animation:
2D (Flash) & 3D (Maya)

6. Stop-motion Animation
Real-world objects are physically manipulated and
photographed one frame of film at a time to create
the illusion of movement.
Invented by
Georges Melies
in the Early 20th Cent.
purely by accident.
(Ex: bus transformed
into a hearse)

7. Stop-motion Animation
Different kinds exist: clay & puppet animation, etc.

8. Stop-motion Animation
Stop motion is often called frame-by-frame animation.
As mentioned earlier, it’s a generic term for an animation technique that makes static objects appear to move.
The object is moved very small amounts between individual frames, producing the effect of motion when the film is played back, as in conventional drawn
and painted animation.

9. One of the Oldest Stop-Motion Films
A Trip to the Moon, Georges Melies, 1902
Was the 1st Sci Fi Movie ever made! Incorporated theatrical sets, props and real actors.

10. Contemporary Stop-motion Animation
“Coraline”, 2009

11. Film With Elements of Stop-motion
The Science of Sleep by Michel Gondry, 2006

12. To find more examples: Google Video is an excellent source
for finding examples of every kind of
stop-motion technique.
A simple “stop motion animation”
search will yield immediate results,
of varying quality.

13. Pioneers of the Animation Genre
J. Stuart Blackton (American), Early 20th Cent.
is often considered to be the 1st true animator. Perfected
stop-motion & hand-drawn animation techniques.
Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (Short Anim., 1906)
Emile Cohl (French),
Early 20th Century.
Became famous for his
short hand-drawn film
“Fantasmagorie”, 1908.

14. Hand-Drawn Animation Technique
Was invented by Emile Cohl in the Early 20th Cent,
whose film Fantasmagorie is considered to be the
1st hand-drawn animated film.
The film largely consisted of a stick figure moving
about and encountering all manner of morphing
objects, such as a wine bottle that transforms into
a flower, etc.

15. Hand-Drawn Animation Technique
Traditional animation (cel or hand-drawn) – was used for most films animated in the 20th century.
Each frame is drawn slightly differently from the one before it.

16. Hand-Drawn Animation Technique
Drawings are traced or photocopied onto
transparent acetate sheets called cels.
The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one onto motion picture film.

17. Hand-Drawn Animation Technique
This image shows how 2 transparent cels, each with
a different character drawn on them, and an opaque
background are photographed together to form 1 image.

18. Examples of Traditional Animation
Hand-drawn:
Disney’s Pinocchio (1940), Akira (1988)
Animations created with the help of a computer:
The Lion King (1994), The Triplets of Bellivelle (2003)

19. Rotoscoping Was invented in 1917
Animators trace live-action movement, frame by frame
The source film can be directly copied from actors’ outlines into animated drawings, as in The Lord of the Rings (US, 1978) or Waking Life (US, 2001).
Ex: Charles Schwab commercial

20. Rotoscoping
Patent drawing for Fleischer’s original rotoscope. The artist is drawing on a transparent easel, onto which the movie projector at the right is throwing an image of a single film frame.

21. Rotoscoping Examples:
“Charlie Chaplin” by Kyungwha Lee
“Waking Life” Animation

22. Live-Action & Anime
Live-action is a technique which combines hand-drawn
characters with live action shots. Examples: Who Framed
Roger Rabbit? (USA, 1988) & Osmosis Jones (USA,
2002).
Anime is a technique primarily used in
Japan. It usually consists of detailed
characters but more of a stiff animation.
Examples: Spirited Away (Japan, 2001)
and Princess Mononoke.

23. 2D & 3D Animation
2D animation figures are created and/or edited on the
computer using 2D bitmap graphics or created and edited
using 2D vector graphics. Techniques include tweening,
morphing, etc.
Digital 3D models are manipulated
by an animator. Various techniques
can be applied to objects, such as
mathematical functions (ex. gravity,
particle simulations).
Ex: Toy Story, Shrek.

24. Suggested Links: Automatic Writing by William Kentridge
Mark Romanek (Contemporary Film Maker)