1. Rosids: Fabids
Spring 2013

2. Fig. 8.1

3. Rosids – Major Points Comprise about 25% of all angiosperms
Includes two main clades: fabids and malvids
Main support for monophyly from molecular data
No clear morphological synapomorphies, but tendencies to have perianths with unfused parts and a stamen merosity > calyx or corolla, although there are many exceptions
Extreme variation in habit (trees, shrubs, herbs, vines, etc.) as well as extensive proliferation of floral syndromes, including wind, insect, bird, and bat pollination
Transition from apocarpy to syncarpy as seen before; fusion and embellishment of floral parts

4. Fig. 8.30

5. Core Eudicots: The Rosids
Fabids:
Order Malpighiales
Order Fabales
Order Rosales
Order Cucurbitales
Order Fagales
Malvids:
Order Brassicales
Order Malvales
Order Sapindales

6. Core Eudicots: The Rosids - Fabids
Order Malpighiales
Euphorbiaceae* – Spurges
Salicaceae* – Willows and poplars
Violaceae – Violets
Order Fabales
Fabaceae* – Beans
Order Rosales
Rosaceae* – Roses
Moraceae – Figs, mulberries
Ulmaceae – Elms
Order Cucurbitales
Curcurbitaceae* – Cucumbers, squashes
Begoniaceae – Begonias
Order Fagales
Betulaceae – Birches
Fagaceae* – Oaks, beeches, chestnuts
Juglandaceae – Walnuts, hickories
*Family required for recognition

7. Rosids-Fabids: Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae (The Spurge Family)
Widespread, but most diverse in tropical regions
Trees, shrubs, herbs, or vines, sometimes succulent; leaves usually alternate
Diversity: ca. 6,300 species in genera
Flowers: Unisexual; sepals 2-6; petals 0-5; carpels usually 3, ovule 1 per locule; styles usually 3 and sometimes divided; inflorescences often highly modified; fruit a schizocarp, seeds usually arillate
Significant features: Often with latex/laticifers (toxic)
Special uses: rubber (Hevea), cassava/manioc (Manihot), poinsettia (Euphorbia), ornamentals
Required family; required genus: Euphorbia

8. Unisexual flowers in Euphorbiaceae
male
female

9. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia
Ca. 2,400 species
White latex (usually)
One female and few to many male flowers aggregated into a cyathium (one type of false flower or pseudanthium)
Cyathium subtended by modified leaves (cyathophylls)

10. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia cyathium
From the Euphorbia
PBI website

11. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia
Digital Flowers

12. castor bean ~ poisonous seeds
Euphorbiaceae
Castor oil plant (Ricinus communis)
castor bean ~ poisonous seeds

13. Euphorbiaceae
Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)

14. Euphorbiaceae Tapioca, Cassava (Manihot) Manihot esculenta
cassava, tapioca

15. Euphorbiaceae
Tung oil (Aleurites)
Aleurites fordii
tung-oil tree

16. Rosids-Fabids: Malpighiales: Salicaceae (The Willow or Poplar Family)
Widespread, from tropical to north temperate and boreal regions
Trees or shrubs
Diversity: 1,200 species in genera
Flowers: bisexual or unisexual; sepals 3-8; petals 3-8; stamens 2-∞; carpels 2-4, connate, in superior ovary; fruit variable
Significant features: leaves simple, often with salicoid teeth; salicin in most; includes what was formerly called the “Flacourtiaceae”
Special uses: lumber, shade trees, ornamentals
Required family

17. Salicaceae: Salix -bud scale single -catkins usually erect
or ascending
-flowers unisexual
-each flower with 1-4
basal nectar glands
-stamens 1-12
-mainly insect pollination

18. Salicaceae: Populus -bud scales several, overlapping
-catkins arching or
drooping
-flowers unisexual
-each flower with a basal
cup-like disk
-stamens 8-numerous
-wind-pollination

19. Rosids-Fabids: Malpighiales: Violaceae (The Violet Family)
Widespread, but predominantly herbs of temperate regions
Herbs, shrubs, or trees
Diversity: species in genera
Flowers: Sepals 5; petals 5; 5 connivent stamens; carpels usually 3, connate, superior ovary; fruit usually a loculicidal capsule
Significant features: Zygomorphy, nectar spurs; floral cleistogamy
Special uses: Violets grown primarily as ornamentals
Family not required

20. Violaceae: zygomorphic flowers
connivent stamens
nectar spur

21. Violaceae: dual breeding systems
-spring flowers open-pollinated,
summer flowers remaining
closed (cleistogamous)

22. Rosids-Fabids: Fabales: Fabaceae (The Legume Family)
Nearly cosmopolitan
Herbs, vines, trees, shrubs with usually alternate, stipulate, pinnately to palmately compound leaves (sometimes unifoliolate or simple)
Diversity: 19,500 species, genera – THIRD LARGEST FAMILY of angiosperms
Flowers: a short, cup-like hypanthium present; sepals & petals usually 5, free or connate; petals all alike or the uppermost 1 differentiated (banner), the lower 2 forming a keel or flaring apart; stamens 5 or 10-many, if connate then monadelphous or diadelphous; carpel 1, on a short stalk (gynophore); fruit is a legume (Duh!) but sometimes modified
Significant features: High nitrogen metabolism w/ unusual amino acids, often with root nodules with N-fixing bacteria; leaf and leaflet pulvinuses well developed; endosperm often lacking; wide range of floral diversity Special uses: Many!! Beans, peas, peanuts, soybean, clover, ornamentals (Mimosa, Bauhinia); lumber, dyes, resins
Required family; required taxa: Mimosoideae, “Caesalpinioideae”, Faboideae

23. Fabaceae vegetative characters
root nodules
pulvinus
compound leaves

24. Fabaceae floral characters
Diadelphous stamens:
9 + 1
Perigynous flower, short hypanthium
gynophore
Marginal (parietal) placentation

25. Fabaceae fruit and seed characters
non-endospermous
seeds at maturity
legumes,
loments,
etc.

26. Mimosoideae “Caesalpinioideae” Faboideae Leaves pinnately
Leaves usually
twice pinnately
compound
Fls actinomorphic,
petals valvate,
distinct or basally
fused
Stamens 10-many,
“Caesalpinioideae”
Leaves usually once
pinnately or twice
pinnately compound
Fls + weakly zygomorphic,
upper petal usually
innermost; petals distinct
Stamens 5 or 10, distinct
Faboideae
Leaves pinnately
compound to
trifoliolate
Fls zygomorphic,
upper petal (banner)
outermost; well
defined wings and keel
Stamens 10,
monadelphous or
diadelphous

27. Fabaceae – Subfamily Mimosoideae
Albizia julibrissin
Acacia sp.

28. Fabaceae: Mimosoideae
Actinomorphic
tubular
flowers
in heads
many stamens, not fused
Albizia julibrissin
mimosa, silktree

29. Fabaceae: Mimosoideae: Mimosa

30. Bullhorn acacias: “My enemy’s enemy is my friend.”
stipular spines
extrafloral nectaries
Tropical dry forest
elaiosomes

31. Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”
zygomorphic flower
pulvinus
Stamens not fused
-10 or fewer
Senna obtusifolia
sicklepod

32. Fabaceae – Subfamily “Caesalpinioideae”

33. Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”
Cercis canadensis - redbud

34. Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”
Honey locust (Gleditsia)

35. Fabaceae: Faboideae
Lathyrus
sweet-pea
Digital Flowers

36. Fabaceae: Faboideae Petals unequal: banner wings keel
monadelphous stamens
Crotalaria
spectabilis
showy rattlebox
bacterial root nodule

37. Fabaceae – Subfamily Faboideae

38. Fabaceae: Faboideae
Glycine
(Soybean)

39. Beans, peas, lentils, chickpeas, etc.
extraordinary
economic importance

40. Fabaceae: Faboideae
Trifolium
(Clover)
Medicago (sweet clover)

41. Rosids-Fabids: Rosales: Rosaceae (The Rose Family)
Cosmopolitan, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere
Herbs, shrubs or trees (75% woody plants)
Diversity: 2,500-3,000 species in genera
Flowers: Showy, actinomorphic, hypanthium present; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens usually numerous; carpels 1 to many, apocarpous or syncarpous; ovary superior or inferior; fruit can be a follicle, achene, pome, drupe, or associated with expanded receptacle
Significant features: Wide range of fruit evolution within family; leaves alternate, stipules present
Special uses: Fruits (apples, pears, berries), ornamental herbs, trees, and shrubs; lumber, perfumery
Required family

42. Rosaceae: Rosa

43. Rosaceae: Rubus

44. Rosaceae: Prunus

45. Rosaceae: Malus and Pyrus

46. Rosids-Fabids: Rosales: Moraceae (The Fig Family)
Widespread, from tropical to temperate regions
Trees, shrubs, or vines (sometimes herbs)
Diversity: 1,500 species in 53 genera
Flowers: Unisexual, inconspicuous; tepals 0-4 or 5 (-8); carpels usually 2, connate, superior ovary; inflorescences cymose, highly modified, compact, receptacle expanded; fruit is a drupe, often in a multiple fruit structure (syconium).
Significant features: laticifers/latex throughout the plant
Special uses: figs (Ficus), mulberries (Morus), breadfruit (Artocarpus), ornamentals, e.g. osage orange (Maclura)
Family not required

47. Moraceae Dorstenia Ficus carica – Cultivated Fig Artocarpus
(breadfruit)
Maclura pomifera
Osage orange
Morus rubra - Mulberry

48. Moraceae: Ficus -shrubs or trees -about 800 species worldwide
-flowers minute, borne
inside the syconium
-wasp-pollinated
-possible keystone species
in tropical forests

49. Moraceae – The Fig and The Fig Wasp

50. Rosids-Fabids: Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae (The Cucumber or Squash Family)
Widespread in the tropics and subtropics, a few in temperate regions
Herbaceous or soft woody vines with scabrous stems and palmately veined/lobed leaves and usually with tendrils
Diversity: 900 species in genera
Flowers: hypanthium present; sepals & petals 5, usually connate; stamens 3-5; carpels usually 3; ovary half-inferior or inferior; fruit usually a berry (with hardened rind a pepo); seeds flattened, the seed coat with several layers
Significant features: wide range of floral diversity, “toothed” leaves lacking stipules; female flowers epiperigynous
Special uses: cucumbers (Cucumis), pumpkins, gourds, and squashes (Cucurbita), watermelons (Citrullus) etc. are eaten for fruits and seeds; Luffa, some ornamentals
Required family

51. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita
gourds, squashes, pumpkin

52. Rosids-Fabids: Fagales: Fagaceae (The Oak and Beech Family)
Widespread, in tropical to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere
Trees and shrubs
Diversity: species in 7 genera
Flowers: Unisexual (monoecious); tepals usually 6 and reduced, inconspicuous; stamens 4-many; carpels 3 (-12), connate, inferior ovary; fruit a nut, associated with a spiny or scaly cupule
Significant features: Male inflorescences in dangling catkins; female inflorescences in sessile clusters
Special uses: edible nuts (chestnuts), lumber, tannin, cork; ornamental trees
Required family