1. Why Biodiesel? Produced locally Improved air quality Renewable resource Simple production process Works in existing infrastructure –Today’s diesel cars and trucks –Today’s distribution system –Today’s filling stations

2. Brevard Biodiesel seeks to promote the availability and use of clean-burning, renewable biodiesel fuel as a replacement for petroleum by raising public awareness of its environmental, economic, and national security benefits. Brevard BioDiesel was formed in 2004 in Brevard County, Florida. Web site: BrevardBiodiesel.org

3. Making Biodiesel Convert “3-headed” Oils into HydroCarbon chains similar to petroleum diesel… Typical Oil, three fatty acid chains attached to glycerol. (Trilinoleic Ester, typical of soy oil) Cetane – typical of petro-diesel + Methanol H 3 C-OH = Typical “Biodiesel” Methyl-Ester + Byproduct: Glycerol aka Glycerine

4. Making Biodiesel Inputs: –Vegetable Oil (“Feedstock”) –Methanol/Ethanol –Catalyst - “Lye” (Sodium Hydroxide or Potassium Hydroxide) –Water Outputs: –Biodiesel –Dirty Water –Glycerine

5. Filter Glycerin Methanol RecoveryWash Transesterification Reactor Holding/Settling Tank FEEDSTOCK: Low-FFA Waste Vegetable Oil Screen Triglycerides Free Fatty Acids (FFA) Water Catfish & French Fries Catfish & French Fries Triglycerides FFA Water Triglycerides FFA Water NaOH or KOH Methyl Esters (biodiesel) Soaps Diglycerides Monoglycerides Excess Methanol Glycerin Excess Methanol Heat & Time Heat & Agitation Methyl Esters (biodiesel) Settling & Separation Compost (KOH only) Waste Water Pump & Drive Soaps Diglycerides Monoglycerides Excess Methanol Reversible Reaction Equilibrium @ ~60%? Boost using:  Excess Methanol  Heat (<148ºF)  Pressure  Remove some glycerin & biodiesel Biodiesel Production (Batch type) Copyright 2007 Brevard Biodiesel Methanol Distillation

6. Feedstock Choices Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO) Virgin Vegetable Oil –Soy –Canola (variety of Europe’s Rapeseed) –Palm –Other: Hemp, Sunflower, Camelina Tallow –Human? Algae

7. Oil Feedstock Yields per Acre per Year Corn – 15 gallons Hemp – 31 gallons Soybeans – 38 gallons Camelina – 50 gallons Sunflowers – 82 gallons Rapeseed/Canola – 102 gallons Jatropha – 162 gallons Oil palm – 508 gallons Algae - 20,000 gallons? (LiveFuels Inc.) GreenFuel Inc:Algae in smokestack filter stack Valcent: Vertigro algae

8. Other feedstock considerations Sustainable source? Palm Oil – Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil: rspo.org Sustainable Biodiesel Summit – sustainable-biodiesel.org Will increased biofuel usage minimize human food production? ( Consequently, the 498 million gallons of biodiesel that will be produced between 2006 and 2015 will increase farm level soybean prices nearly 10 percent by 2015. Using the USDA 2006 Long-Term Baseline forecast for soybean prices as a starting point, soybean farmers can expect increased biodiesel demand to increase average soybean prices $0.58 per bushel by 2015.) Chemical properties differ – for example palm oil based B100 biodiesel will start to gel at about 55 degrees F! Is there enough? In the US we use 30-40 billion gallons of diesel on our highways each year. We produce ~5 billion gallons of vegetable oil per year. Another datapoint - New York City could produce 53 million gallons of biodiesel annually from its waste greases … That is about 5x the annual diesel fuel consumption of its public transit system.

9. Production System Choices “Batch” processing vs. Continuous processing Small Scale / Batch processing / (“Homebrewing”) –Appleseed “Open Source” Reactor (~$200-2000) –FuelMeister (~$3000-$4000) –BioPro (50 gallons in 60 hours) (~$8000) Medium/Large Scale –Xenerga, Kissimmee, WVO, 5 million gallons per year (MMgy) (~$2,000,000) –ADM, North Dakota, Canola, 85 MMgy

10. Appleseed Processor “open-source” design – improved upon by community Build-it yourself, $200-$500 Kits: http://www.biodieselwarehouse.com/ http://www.b100supply.com/kits.html http://utahbiodieselsupply.com/ Range from $200 for hardware less tank/vents, $700 w/tank, $2000 built on-site.

11. Other small processors

12. Small System Costs/Sources Where/How to get Vegetable Oil – restaurants, Prefilter WVO http://www.thecarycompany.com/containers/ez-strainers.html Water settles to bottom of waste oil, scoop from top or press oil from seeds: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_supply.html#Oilpress Methanol/Ethanol – racing fuel http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_supply.html#meths Sunoco Racing Alcohol = Methanol $205.00 for 55 gallons Sodium/Potassium Hydroxide Red Devil Lye = NaOH KOH $2-$3/lb at http://www.braintan.com/ 50lbs for $96 @ http://www.chemistrystore.com/potassium_hydroxide.htm What to do with Glycerine… Making soap: http://biodiesel.infopop.cc/eve/ubb.x/a/tpc/f/739605551/m/520604982 http://www.utahbiodieselsupply.com/biodieselsoap.php Compost? – but probably not if NaOH, only KOH http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_glycerin.html Convert to Syngas?

13. Small System Regulations Zoning considerations. For example, City of Melbourne incorporates Florida Fire Prevention Code http://www.fldfs.com/sfm/florida_fire_prevention_code_2004.htm Limits on storage of material, methanol is one of most concern. Recommend talking to nearest fire station captain before starting to review your plans and configuration. Taxes Federal excise tax: http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p510.pdf analysis of excise tax re: biodiesel: http://www.unclefed.com/Tax-Bulls/2002/rr02-76.pdf FL State excise tax: ???

14. Larger Processing Supercritical process: No catalyst High temp/pressure Continuous Ultrasonic/Cavitation: 99% conversion, 5mins 50% less catalyst Higher purity glycerol byproduct

17. Installed Cost Estimates Roughly $1 per gallon – e.g. 10 Mmgy plant costs about $10,000,000 Links to feasibility studies: http://biofuels.coop/education/#feasibility

19. World Biodiesel Production

20. Government Incentives Jobs Creation Act of 2004 – Up to $1.00 per gallon tax credit (to blender of biodiesel) Energy Policy Act Credits for using Biodiesel in fleets (EPAct) Minnesota requires 2% of diesel in state be biodiesel (2005+). Washington state B2/Dec2008. Brazil B2. Thailand B2. More: http://biofuels.coop/pdfs/13_taxes.pdf

21. Consumer Vehicles - US 23% of US car buyers considering “clean diesel”, expect +15mpg gain, will pay +$1500. Europe now > 50% diesel for new cars. (July 2007, up from 12% 2006) Europe average mpg: 36US average mpg: 22 Ford F-150 2009 Audi Q7 and A4 2008 Honda Accord 2009 VW Jetta TDI 2008 Also: BMW Series 3/5/6 (2008), Cadillac CTS (2009), Saturn Aura (2010), Mercedes 320 series (42 states, 2007). Hyundai SUV. Nissan. Toyota. Jeep Liberty CRD (42 states, 2007 B5). VW Touareg (42 states). VW Tiguan. VW Golf diesel/hybrid?

22. Looking Ahead… Biodiesel can be a piece of a comprehensive renewable energy solution. Feedstock selection can impact economic, environmental, and chemical processes. Traditional vegetable oil alone is very unlikely to source the transportation fuel needs of the world. Algae might prove an order of magnitude more important in coming years. http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html “ 15,000 square miles of algae ponds would be needed to replace all petroleum transportation fuels with biodiesel. “ “ $46.2 billion per year for all the algae farms, to yield all the oil feedstock necessary for the entire country. Compare that to the $100-150 billion the US spends each year just on purchasing crude oil from foreign countries, with all of that money leaving the US economy.”