1. photosynthesis

3. Quick test get girls to label

4. cuticle chloroplasts xylem phloem Air spaces stoma Guard cell
Upper epidermis
chloroplasts
Palisade mesophyll
xylem
Spongy mesophyll
phloem
Lower epidermis
Air spaces
stoma
Guard cell

5. Structure of a Leaf

6. Single layer of cells around the leaf: Upper and lower epidermis
Flat, no chloroplasts
to allow light to pass through

7. Waxy layer covering the upper epidermis
Cuticle
Waxy layer covering the upper epidermis
Prevents water loss

8. Layer of rectangular shaped cells found below the upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Layer of rectangular shaped cells
found below the upper epidermis
Cells arranged side by side, no spaces
– traps as much sunlight as possible
Many chloroplasts – lots of photosynthesis

9. Layer of round cells below palisade cells
Spongy mesophyll
Layer of round cells below palisade cells
Fewer chloroplasts, less photosynthesis
Air spaces

10. oxygen, carbon dioxide and water
Intercellular spaces
Spaces between the spongy mesophyll cells
Allows diffusion of
oxygen, carbon dioxide and water
between inside the leaf and the air outside

11. Guard cells and Stomata
A stoma is a small pore
found between the cells of the lower epidermis
Guard cell
Stoma
Two guard cells surround each stoma
They allow the stoma to open and close,
controlling movement of gases in and out of the leaf

12. Contain vascular bundles made up of
Midrib and Veins
Contain vascular bundles made up of
xylem and phloem
Xylem carries water to the leaf cells from the roots
Phloem carries sucrose sugar made in the leaf cells
to other parts of the plant

13. ADAPTATIONS
OF A LEAF
FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
COMPLETE THE TABLE
USING PAGE 10 & 11

14. stomata investigation
When stomata are open, water evaporates from the leaf.
There are fewer stomata on the surface of a leaf
than underneath because
it is cooler under the leaf (less sunlight), so less water is lost.

16. QUICK TEST START OF CLASS

17. QUESTION 5a end of booklet

18. Read page 18/19 Complete the notes on the worksheet PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Raw materials
Word equation
Balanced chemical equation
Products of photosynthesis

19. 10605 Sc Eye
BBC - Learning Zone Class Clips - Photosynthesis in plant leaves - Science Video

20. SUNLIGHT

21. How the materials for photosynthesis get to a palisade cell
Water
travels from the roots up the xylem to the leaves
Carbon dioxide
enters the leaf through the stomata
Light
enters through the clear epidermis

22. How the materials for photosynthesis get to a palisade cell
LIGHT
worksheet
How the materials for photosynthesis get to a palisade cell
chloroplast
xylem
WATER
LEAF STRUCTURE WORKSHEET
CARBON DIOXIDE

23. USING THE PRODUCTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Glucose is the main product of photosynthesis.
It is used in respiration to release energy.
Glucose is also converted into other substances.
Read page 22 and then complete the worksheet making notes on how the following are used by the plant.
amino
acids
starch
cellulose
lipids

24. ON TESTING A LEAF FOR STARCH
Links to photos of girls carrying out expt
TAKE NOTES FROM PAGE 19
ON TESTING A LEAF FOR STARCH

29. results Leaf before testing Leaf after boiling in ethanol
blue/black: contains starch
orange: no starch

30. factors needed for photosynthesis
experiments to show
factors needed for photosynthesis
destarch
soda lime
soda
lime
carbon dioxide
stencil
LIGHT
variegated
chlorophyll

31. PHOTOSYNTHESIS experiments Worksheet
In these experiments it is necessary to destarch the plant. Leave in dark for 48 hours. This removes any starch in the leaves and
shows that if the starch test is positive, starch must have been made during the experiment.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
experiments
Worksheet

32. 1613 testing for Oxygen
BBC - Learning Zone Class Clips - Testing for oxygen produced by underwater plants - Science Video

33. CARBON DIOXIDE DISSOLVED IN WATER
VOLUME OF oxygen
CARBON DIOXIDE DISSOLVED IN WATER
Oxygen
bubbles
LIGHT
LABEL PHOTO. PUPILS MAKE OWN NOTES ON HOW TO MEASURE RoP USING P20 TEXT BOOK
Measuring the rate of photosynthesis

34. pond weed produces bubbles of oxygen during photosynthesis.
we can measure the rate at which PS occurs by
counting the number oxygen bubbles produced per minute
or by measuring the volume of oxygen produced per hour

35. experiments can be used to measure the
rate of photosynthesis under different conditions
light intensity:
a lamp is placed at different distances from the pondweed
the closer the lamp the more light is available for PS
and the faster the rate of PS

36. to make this experiment a FAIR TEST
only the light intensity should be changed;
the carbon dioxide concentration,
temperature, and pondweed
must remain the same

37. sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide
CO2 concentration:
sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide
the pondweed is set up with different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate
the higher the concentration of sodium bicarbonate
the more carbon dioxide is available for PS
so the rate of PS increases

38. to make this experiment a FAIR TEST
only the carbon dioxide concentration should be changed;
the light intensity,
temperature, and pondweed
must remain the same

39. the temperature of the water is increased
by placing the beaker in a water bath
at higher temperatures there is more energy available
for chemical reactions to occur
so the rate of PS increases
BUT very high temperature kill the plant, so PS slows and stops

40. to make this experiment a FAIR TEST
only the temperature should be changed;
the light intensity,
carbon dioxide concentration,
and pondweed
must remain the same

41. 6021 Raw materials & products
BBC - Learning Zone Class Clips - Plants and photosynthesis - Science Video

42. light
limiting
factor
light no
further
affect
rate of
photo
light intensity

43. limiting factors
Photosynthesis occurs at a maximum rate if all of the raw materials are readily available (light, carbon dioxide, water). Temperature also affects the rate of any chemical reaction.
If any of these is in short supply it will limit the rate at which photosynthesis can occur.
The substance limiting photosynthesis is called a limiting factor.

44. At the start of the graph increasing the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis. This shows that light is limiting the reaction and is the limiting factor.
At the end of the graph the rate is constant. It does not increase any further, even though more light is available. This means that light intensity is no longer limiting the reaction and some thing else , such as temperature or carbon dioxide concentration, must be limiting the rate of photosynthesis.

45. light no
further
affect
light
limiting
factor
high
temperature
low
temperature
rate of
photo
light intensity

46. By increasing the temperature the materials have more energy to react
By increasing the temperature the materials have more energy to react. At the start this has no effect on the rate of photosynthesis compared to the lower temperature.
The rate of photosynthesis is still limited by light intensity.
In the middle of the graph the higher temperature provides more kinetic energy and therefore reactions can occur more quickly, more of the light can be used.
At the end of the graph, even at higher temperatures, the rate of photosynthesis will level out. At this point another factor must be limiting the rate of photosynthesis e.g. carbon dioxide concentration.

47. Questions
5+6
worksheet

48. video
in the greenhouse
B68

49. Crop Production
In crop production it may be possible and profitable to control the environmental conditions to increase productivity.

50. GREENHOUSE Increase CO2 Burn fossil fuels e.g. paraffin
Pipe in from canisters
HUMIDITY
Open/close windows to control humidity
GREENHOUSE
More photosynthesis
More growth
Bigger yield
LIGHT
Artificial lights
used to increase
light intensity, daylength AND
season length
HEAT
Use electric heaters
Burn fossil fuels
FERTILISERS
Organic e.g. manure
Inorganic e.g. NPK

51. The grower must consider the cost of increasing carbon dioxide concentration and temperature in the greenhouse.
The cost of the raw materials must be balanced by the increase in productivity to maximise profit.

52. (It is the reverse equation for Photosynthesis!!)
Balancing gases
All living organisms respire during the day AND night .
Remember:-
Glucose + O CO2 + Water + Energy
This is the equation for respiration
(It is the reverse equation for Photosynthesis!!)

53. In plants the glucose and oxygen produced in photosynthesis can be used for respiration.
The carbon dioxide and water produced in respiration can be used photosynthesis.
Sometimes the two processes balance each other out.

54. Photosynthesis and respiration happen during the day
Only respiration happens at night
Hydrogen carbonate indicator can be used to show this relationship

55. Tube 1
Tube 2
Tube 3
Tube 4
Pondweed
Muslin
Water Beetles
Tinfoil
Red – normal CO2
Yellow – high CO2
Purple – low CO2

56. Tube 1
The tinfoil stops light getting to the plant. This is like night when there is no photosynthesis
but respiration still continues so CO2 is released from the plant, turning the hydrogen carbonate indicator yellow.

57. Tube 2
There is a lot of light available to the plant.
During the day the rate of
photosynthesis is greater than the
rate of respiration so all the CO2 is taken up by the plant. The low CO2 level makes the hydrogen carbonate indicator purple.

58. THIS IS CALLED THE COMPENSATION POINT
Tube 3
The muslin reduces the light, this mimics dawn and dusk when the rate of photosynthesis is equal to the rate of respiration. All the CO2 released in photosynthesis is used in respiration (we say there is no net output of gas). The bicarbonate indicator does not change colour, it remains red.
THIS IS CALLED THE COMPENSATION POINT

59. Tube 4
The water beetles are respiring and therefore producing more CO2 than can be taken up in photosynthesis, causing the hydrogen carbonate indicator to turn yellow.

60. resp
photo

61. Clip
BBC - Learning Zone Class Clips - Plant photosynthesis - Science Video

62. Clip
BBC - Learning Zone Class Clips - Plants and photosynthesis - Science Video

63. Clip
BBC - Learning Zone Class Clips - Plants and photosynthesis - Science Video

64. Clip
BBC - Learning Zone Class Clips - Adaptations of the leaf for photosynthesis - Science Video

65. Clip
BBC - Learning Zone Class Clips - Photosynthesis and respiration in plants - Science Video

66. Clip
BBC - Learning Zone Class Clips - Photosynthesis in plant leaves - Science Video

67. Clip
BBC - Learning Zone Class Clips - Testing for oxygen produced by underwater plants - Science Video

68. DVD:
photosynthesis
Scientific Eye
Bio collection 2
20 mins

69. DVD:
photosynthesis
Short Circuit
Bio collection 2
20 mins

70. DVD:
photosynthesis
Science Bank
Bio collection 2
15 mins

71. (old but some good bits)
DVD:
photosynthesis
Biovideo
Bio collection 5
30 mins
(old but some good bits)

72. DVD:
plants for food
Scientific Eye
Bio collection 5
20 mins

73. GCSE Bitesize Revision
DVD:
plant nutrition
GCSE Bitesize Revision
3 mins

74. DVD:
photosynthesis
curriculum bites 11-14
7 mins

75. DVD:
photosynthesis
curriculum bites 14-16