1. Performance Enhancing Drugs
Kristin Zenker
CBE 555

2. Overview History Types How does each type work? Regulation
Availability
Questions?

3. History Not a new phenomenon
Stories date back thousands of years to Ancient Olympic games
Ground horse hooves and sheep testicles
In Chinese traditional medicine, substances such as deer antler, tiger bone, bear gall bladder, ginseng and other roots and much more were consumed and were thought to bolster the males body.
Athletes in Late 19th/Early 20th century
Caffeine and strychnine
Dutch cyclist death in 1960 Olympic games
International Olympic Committee came out with first list of prohibited drugs.

4. Types Steroids (Anabolic-Androgenic and THG) Health Supplements
Androstenedione
Creatine
Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
Stimulants
Amphetamines
Ephedra

5. Steroids Lipid produced naturally by the human body
Testosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Cholesterol
Synthetic steroids are called “Anabolic” or “Anabolic-Androgenic”
“anabolic” Greek for “to build up” and “androgenic” Greek for “masculization”

6. Steroids - History First produced in late 1930’s to treat hypogandism
Commonly prescribed for medical reasons
Preventing loss of bone density from osteoporosis
Counter-acting body-wasting effects of AIDS
Late 1950’s, weightlifters discovered the athletic benefits
1991 – Congress made steroids a controlled substance in the U.S.

7. Steroids – How do they work?
Taken by injection or in pill form
Stimulates certain proteins involved in the building of muscle tissue
Results in fat free muscle mass
Blocks action of bodily chemicals that signal muscle fatigue
“Cycling” and “Stacking”

8. Steroids – Side Effects
Liver tumors and cancer
Jaundice
Fluid retention
High Blood Pressure
Increase in LDL, decrease in HDL
Elevated risk of heart attack and stroke
Kidney tumors
Severe acne

9. Steroids –Side Effects, con’t
Some side effects differ in men and women
Men – increased breast size, shrinkage of testicles, baldness, reduced sperm count, possible impotence
Women – development of masculine features such as facial hair and deepening of the voice, reproductive system abnormalities
Emotional – increase in aggressive behavior, “roid rage”
Athletes that stop after long term use suffer depression and symptoms of withdrawal.

10. Steroids - THG Tetrahydrogestrinone
Oct 16, 2003 – US Anti-Doping Agency first told world about this
Not approved by the FDA so illegal
Use of THG is an alternative to other steroids
Closely resembles steroids gestrinone and trenbolone
Known as a “designer” steroid
Manipulated by chemists so it would be undetectable during doping tests

11. Health Supplements
OTC health supplements another way athletes use to improve their body and performance.
Not regulated by the FDA
Examples
Androstenedione
Creatine

12. Androstenedione Popular athletic supplement Also known as “Andro”
Initially categorized as a testosterone precursor
One of the chemicals from which the body synthesizes testosterone
NFL banned in 1997
Mark McGwire admitted to using in 1998 when he set the HR record for most in one-season
FDA reclassified as a steroid in 2004

13. Androstenedione – Side Effects
Differ for men and women
Men – decrease in production of testosterone, increase in production of estrogen, acnes, decreased sperm count
Women – acne and masculinity

14. Creatine Occurs naturally in the body in skeletal muscle
Helps to supply energy to muscle cells
Made in the liver from 3 amino acids – glycine, arginine, and methionine
When taken as a nutritional supplement, increases the body’s supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

15. Creatine – History Usage documented back to the early 20th century
Only recently came into public view after 1992 Olympics
Linford Christie (gold metal 100 m dash), Sally Gunnel (gold metal 400 m hurdles), Britain’s rowing team
At time, low potency dosage supplements available in UK
1993 – Company Experimental Applied Sciences (EAS) introduced compound to sports nutrition market under Phosphagen label

16. Creatine – What does it do?
Can be taken in as a powder mixed into a drink or as a pill
In the body, creatine is changed into a molecule called “phosphocreatine” – reservoir for energy
During intense exercise, broken down into creatine and phosphate
Energy released is used to regenerate ATP
Bigger storage of phosphocreatine in muscles reduces fatigue

17. Creatine Some studies suggest that…
creatine provides a boost for short bursts of maximal effort
Helps with anaerobic exercise, no significant effect for aerobic exercise
Ingesting creatine can increase the level of phosphocreatine in the muscle by 20%
Increases in both total and fat free body mass
Buffer the lactic acid produced during anaerobic work outs

18. Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
Naturally produced in the body – synthesized in the pituitary gland
Synthetic version of hGH originally marketed in the 1980’s to treat kids with stunted growth
Recent years promoted as anti-aging from drug companies
Currently banned by the governing bodies of major sports, including the Olympics

19. hGH – How does it work?
Influences a variety of metabolic process involving carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty tissues
Stimulates the body’s synthesis of the proteins that form bone and muscle tissue
Stimulates collagen – necessary for strengthening cartilage, bones, tendons, and ligaments
Increases testosterone levels
Stimulates the liver to produce growth factors

20. hGH – Side Effects
Abnormal growth of facial hair and skeletal features, liver problems, irregularities in the processing of insulin, and heart disease
If taken before or during puberty – leads to gigantism
Taken excessively as an adult – leads to diabetes

21. Stimulants – In General
Athletes use to provide a boost in energy and alertness
Caffeine and Cocaine are 2 well known stimulants
Affect the nervous system – causes temporary increase in the heart rate and blood pressure
Negative effects – heart attack, stroke, hypertension, agitation, physical addiction, sudden cardiac death
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has a list of banned substances – includes more than 40 stimulants

22. Stimulants Commonly Used by Athletes
Amphetamines “speed” “crank”
Used by baseball players for decades
Stimulant used to diminish the appetite, control weight, and treat disorders including narcolepsy and ADD
Releases stores of norepinephrine and dopamine from nerve endings
Prevents the transporters of norepinephrine and dopamine from recycling them
Increases the concentration of the respective neurotransmitters – promotes nerve impulse transmission

23. Stimulants, con’t Side Effects of Amphetamines Physiological
Short term – decreased appetite, increased stamina and energy, nausea, irregular heart beat, jitteriness
Long term – tremors, restlessness, anxiety, weakened immune system
Psychological
Short term – alertness, euphoria, increased concentration, rapid talking
Long term – Insomnia, schizophrenia, aggressiveness, addiction, paranoia

24. Stimulants, con’t Methylphendate “ritalin” and Modafinil Ephedra
Very similar to amphetamines
Ephedra
Derived from a plant that contains the chemical ephedrine – stimulant similar to amphetamines
Increases the metabolic burning of fatty tissues
Popular weight loss drug in late 1990’s early 2000’s
Stimulant effects the nervous system to enhance performance and help with activities of longer duration

25. Stimulants, con’t Ephedra, con’t
Late 2003, FDA announced ban of ephedra from the marketplace because of health concerns
Generated thousands of complaints and linked to more than 150 deaths in the US
Pulled off the market
Side Effects
Strokes, seizures, heart attacks, death, raise in blood sugar, irregular heart rhythm

26. Regulation Sports rules and regulations vary by level and league
3 most popular professional leagues – NFL, NBA, MLB all have different drug policies
Most prominent effort to make uniform drug policies – 1999 IOC created WADA
Coordinated and administered extensive drug testing of athletes in the different Olympic sports
WADA published a list of hundreds of banned drugs
Violators faced heavy penalties

27. Availability of PED Steroids Creatine, Ephedra, hGH
1990’s most US producers stopped making and marketing anabolic steroids within the US
Eastern Europe are still producing steroids in quantity
European anabolic steroids are the source of most medical grade steroids sold in the US
Creatine, Ephedra, hGH
Found websites that it is possible to purchase

28. Availability

29. References

30. Performance Enhancing Drugs
Questions????