1. The Skeletal System
Chapter 3

2. Game time!! Split into 2 groups.

3. -ectomy

4. chondr/o

5. osteo

6. cyte

7. cost/o

8. myel/o

9. crani/o

10. orth/o

11. brachi

12. cerv/ic

13. carp

14. Bonus:
Worth 2 points

15. How many bones are in the human body?

16. And the winner is…..

17. Key terms
A. Acro – extremities B. Ankyl/o – crooked, bent, fused together
C. Arthro – joint D. Brachi – arm E. Burs/o, bursa – a leather sac F. Carp – wrist
G. Cerv/ic – neck
H. Chir/o – hand
I. Chondr/o – cartilage
J. Cost/o – rib
K. Crani/o – skull, head

18. Key terms continued L. Kyph/o – hump kyphosis
M. Lord/o – bending lordosis N. Lumb/o – lumbar region, loin O. Myel/o – spinal cord; bone marrow
P. Orth/o – straight Q. Osteo/o – bone R. Pod, ped, ped/i – foot

19. Key terms continued S. Rachi/o – spine T. Sacr/o – sacral region
U. Scoli/o – crooked scoliosis
V. Spondyl/o – vertebra W. Synovi/o – the lubricating fluid of joints
X. Tars/o – ankle

20. Overview of the Skeletal System
206 bones in the human body
Skeletal System includes: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, Joints, bursa

21. Functions of the Skeletal System
Functions of the Skeletal System Support of the body structure and shape 2. Protection of the vital organs 3. Movement and Anchorage of the muscles (levers for muscular action) a. Tendons – attach muscle to bone
b. Ligaments – attach bone to bone
4. Mineral storage – calcium and phosphorus
5. Blood cell formation – hematopoiesis

22. Bone Composition
Bone is a form of connective tissue, has the ability to heal itself.
Collagen – a chief organic constituent (protein)
Inorganic calcium salts (Vitamin D is essential for the absorption of minerals, i.e. calcium)
Cells
1. Osteoblasts – bone-building, bone-repairing cells in the periosteum
2. Osteocytes – mature bone cells within the bone matrix
3. Osteoclast – causes the reabsorption of bone

23. Tissues of a bone Periosteum Compact bone
1. A dense, fibrous membrane covering bone 2. Contains blood vessels 3. Essential for bone cell survival and bone formation
Compact bone
1. Very dense, stress bearing, forms outer layer

24. Tissues of a bone spongy bone 1. Light and spongy
2. Low stress areas where the weight of bone would be a problem
3. Found at the ends of the long bones, ribs, sternum, hips, vertebrae, and cranium
4. Red bone marrow located within it

25. Tissues of a bone medullary cavity located in shaft of a long bone.
Surrounded by compact bone
Lined with endosteum and contains yellow bone marrow

27. 1. Medullary cavity of long bones 2. Fat storage
Bone Marrow
Yellow marrow
1. Medullary cavity of long bones 2. Fat storage

28. Bone Marrow Red Marrow hematopoietic tissue
1. In children – in all cancellous bone 2. In adults – in the cancellous bone of the vertebrae, hips, sternum, ribs, cranial bones, proximal ends of femur, and humerus 3. Forms red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, some white blood cells (WBCs), and destroys old RBCs and some foreign materials

29. BONE CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SHAPE
LONG BONES
extremities
Parts:
1. Epiphysis – at the ends, covered with hyaline cartilage for articulating bones; cancellous bone
2. Diaphysis – shaft, covered with periosteum; medullary canal with yellow and red marrow (lined with endosteum); covered with periosteum for bone growth, repair, and nutrition; compact bone

30. Long bones Found in extremities including:
Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, and clavicle

31. long bones

33. Short bones cube-shaped; allows flexible movement
Cancellous bone covered by compact bone Includes: Carpals, tarsals, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges

34. Short bones

35. FLAT BONES
Flat plates; protect the vital organs and provide a broad surface area for muscle attachment

36. Anatomic Landmarks of a bone
Diaphysis : shaft of a long bone
Epiphysis: wide end of a long bone
Proximal epiphysis: end of the bone located nearest the midline
Distal epiphysis: end of the bone located farthest from the midline
Process: a normal projection on the surface of a bone that allows for attachment of muscles and tendons

37. Cartilage
Cartilage: smooth, rubbery connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones; more elastic than bone and makes up flexible parts of the skeleton
Articular cartilage: covers the surface of bones that form joints to make smooth movements & prevent the bones from rubbing against one another
Meniscus: curved fibrous cartilage

38. Joints Also known as articulations Are connections between bones
Articulate means to join or come together so that motion may occur

39. Types of Joints
Sutures – jagged line where bones join and joint does not move
Symphysis aka cartilaginous joint – where 2 bones join and are held firmly together so they function as one bone
Synovial joints- moveable joints of the body. (ball and socket and hinge joints)

40. Sutures

41. symphysis

42. Ball and socket: wide range of movement in many directions
Synovial
Ball and socket: wide range of movement in many directions

43. Hinge joint: allow movement primarily in one direction or plane
Synovial (continued)
Hinge joint: allow movement primarily in one direction or plane

44. Structures of Synovial Joints
Ligaments: connect bone to bone
Membranes and Fluid that acts as a lubricant to make smooth movements
Bursa: fibrous sac that is lined with a synovial membrane and contains fluid. Acts as a cushion

46. How many bones in the adult human body?
The Skeleton
How many bones in the adult human body?

47. Axial Skeleton
80 bones
Protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems
Axial refers to an imaginary line that runs through the center of the body
Consists of : the skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum

48. Appendicular Skeleton
126 bones
Makes body movement possible
Protects organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction
Appendicular means referring to an appendage
Appendage means anything attached to a major part of the body
Organized into upper extremities (shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands) and lower extremities (hips, thighs, legs, ankles, feet)

50. Pathology of the skeletal system

51. PATHOLOGY RELATING TO JOINTS
Arthralgia- pain in a joint
Arthrosclerosis - stiffness of the joints
Bursitis- inflammation of the bursa
chondroma - slow growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells
chondromalacia - abnormal softening of cartilage
Luxation - dislocation of a bone from its joint

52. Arthritis
Inflammation of one or more joints. Many different forms and causes of arthritis