1. Chapter 12 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Diseases and Disorders

2. Anatomy and Physiology
Liver
Largest solid organ in the body
Plays role in:
Digestion
Absorption
Metabolism

3. Anatomy and Physiology
Liver
Plays role in
Blood clotting
Manufacture of important chemicals
Storage of nutrients

4. Anatomy and Physiology
Gallbladder stores bile until needed
Pancreas produces and excretes most of the intestinal enzymes

5. Common Signs and Symptoms
Liver Disease
Jaundice
Pain is the most common symptom

6. Diagnostic Tests
Liver function tests measure bilirubin, albumin, alkaline phosphatase
Ultrasound, X-rays, CAT scan
Biopsy
Blood tests to measure pancreatic function

7. Liver Diseases Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver
Causes include chemical actions of drugs, toxic substances, chronic alcoholism, group of viruses
Viral hepatitis is the most prevalent

8. Liver Diseases
Hepatitis
Symptoms
Jaundice
Malaise
Anorexia
Myalgia

9. Liver Diseases Hepatitis Symptoms Fever Abdominal pain
Dark-colored urine (hepatomegaly)
Clay or light-colored stools

10. Liver Diseases Hepatitis Treatment Prevention Rest Good nutrition
Good hygiene
Special care when handling needles and body fluids

11. Liver Diseases Viral Hepatitis occurs in five types
A, B, C, D, E
Hepatitis A: benign; spread by oral-fecal contact
Hepatitis B: formerly called “serum hepatitis” spread by blood, urine, feces, saliva, and semen

12. Liver Diseases Hepatitis C: spread by blood or sex
Hepatitis D: “delta virus” requires presence of hepatitis B to replicate
Hepatitis E: spread through fecal-oral contact, commonly due to water contamination

13. Liver Diseases Cirrhosis Chronic, irreversible, degenerative
Replacement of normal liver cells with nonfunctioning scar tissue called “hobnail liver”

14. Liver Diseases Cirrhosis Most common cause is chronic alcoholism
Symptoms
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Indigestion
Weakness and weight loss

15. Liver Disease Liver Cancer Primary and benign tumors of liver are rare
Usually discovered late or end stage
Diagnosis confirmed by biopsy
Treatment may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

16. Gallbladder Diseases Cholecystitis
Inflammation of gallbladder usually caused by obstruction of bile due to gallstone
Diagnosis is made by ultrasound, cholecystogram

17. Gallbladder Diseases Cholecystitis Symptoms
Mild to severe RUQ pain
Nausea and vomiting after eating
Treatment surgical excision

18. Gallbladder Diseases Cholelithiasis
Gallstones in gallbladder or bile ducts
Symptoms
Nausea
Vomiting
RUQ pain following meals with fat

19. Gallbladder Diseases Cholelithiasis
Risk factors include excessive weight, increasing age, female

20. Gallbladder Diseases Cholelithiasis 5 F’s of cholelithiasis Female
Fair complexion
Fat
Fertile
Forty or older

21. Pancreas Diseases Pancreatitis - Inflammation of pancreas Symptoms
Severe abdominal pain radiating to back
Nausea
Vomiting
Diaphoresis
Tachycardia

22. Pancreas Diseases Pancreatitis
Symptoms of chronic pancreatitis are similar to acute
Diagnosis is based on high blood amylase
Treatment and prognosis depends on cause

23. Pancreas Diseases Pancreas Cancer
Usually adenocarcinoma occurring in head of pancreas
Symptoms:
Abdominal pain
Back pain
Nausea
Vomiting

24. Pancreas Diseases Pancreas Cancer Symptoms Loss of appetite Weakness
Jaundice
Fatigue

25. Pancreas Diseases Pancreas Cancer Diagnosis confirmed by biopsy
Treatment
Surgical resection
Radiation and chemotherapy