1. Vision and Associated Conditions in Students with MIVI By Dr. Dixie Mercer And Debbie “Cricket” Nelson

2. Cerebral Palsy Any number of neurological disorders because of injury to the brain, that appear in infancy or early childhood and permanently affect body movement and muscle coordination but don’t worsen over time. Vision problems Strabismus Nystagmus Cortical Blindness Hemnianopsia Other Problems Muscle tone Difficulties swallowing, sucking, speaking Hearing problems Speech problems Seizures

3. Cerebral Palsy

4. CHARGE Syndrome C  Coloboma defects of the eyeball and cranial nerve abnormalities H  Heart defects A  Atresia of the choanae (blocked nasal breathing passages) R  Retardation of growth and development G  Genital and urinary abnormalities E  Ear abnormalities and hearing loss  Rare disorder  Happens during early fetal development  Affects multiple organ systems

5. CHARGE CAUSES VISION LOSS in 80%-90% of cases Coloboma (like a cleft) of the eye Coloboma of the iris, retina, choroid, macula or disc Microphthalmos (small eye) Anophthalmos (missing eye) – Visual field loss, typically in the superior (upper) field – Blind spots – Acuity problems – Extra sensitivity to bright lights (even indoors) – Monocular vision – Lack of depth perception There are only a handful of documented examples of more than one child with CHARGE in a family.

6. CHARGE Syndrome

7. Cortical Visual Impairment (CVI) A neurological visual disorder. It is the fastest growing visual impairment diagnosis today. It involves a disturbed visual sense because of widespread brain disturbance and damage. Definition for Educational Purposes: Cortical visual impairment (CVI) is a neurological disorder, which results in unique visual responses to people, educational materials, and to the environment. When students with these visual/behavioral characteristics are shown to have loss of acuity or judged by their performance to be visually impaired, they are considered to have CVI.

8. CVI

9. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (si-to-MEG-a-lo-vi-rus) Vision Problems: – Central vision loss – Blurred vision – Cortical vision impairment – Blindness – Scarring of the retina – Swelling and irritation of the eye (uveitis) – Retinitis – Photophobia (light sensitivity) Other Problems: – Hearing loss – Mental disability – Small head – Lack of coordination – Seizures – Death – Vision loss A member of the herpes virus family, it is the most common congenital (present at birth) infection in the United States. ~30,000 children each year!

10. CMV cytomegalovirus (si-to-MEG-a-lo-vi-rus)

11. Encephalitis Encephalitis An acute infection and inflammation of the brain. The most common cause of this is viral infections Associated Vision Problems Light Sensitivity Double Vision If in the Occipital lobe: Responsible for interpreting visual input from the eyes Other Problems Unsteady gait Disorientation Body Stiffness Muscle weakness Permanent brain damage Parietal lobe: Processes information from the senses and controls walking, posture, and head and eye movements.

12. Hydrocephalus Associated Vision Problems Eyes fixed downward Swelling of the optic disk Blurred vision Blindness Increased pressure on the optic nerves Eyes that appear crossed Uncontrolled eye movements Other Problems Unusually large head Seizures Developmental delay Poor coordination Developmental delays Learning disabilities Mental retardation Slow movement, lethargy, other physical disabilities.  Abnormal buildup of the brain’s normal water-like fluid (cerebrospinal fluid or CSF).  A disturbance of formation, flow, or absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that leads to an increase in volume occupied by this fluid in the CNS

13. Meningitis An inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Usually caused by bacteria or viruses, but it can also be caused by certain medications or illnesses. Associated Vision Problems Blindness Double vision Cortical visual impairment Photophobia Blurry or hazy vision Problems with depth perception Partial loss of the visual field Loss of central vision

14. Microcephaly A medical condition in which the circumference of the head is smaller than normal because the brain has not developed properly or has stopped growing. Vision problems: CVI Eye development problems Structural impairment Damage to one or more parts of the eye Refractive errors Vision fluctuation Other problems: Convulsions & seizures Mental retardation Developmental delays Delayed motor functions and speech Facial distortions Dwarfism Hyperactivity

15. Microcephaly

16. Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) A potentially blinding eye disorder that primarily affects premature infants weighing about 2¾ pounds (1250 grams) or less that are born before 31 weeks of gestation (A full-term pregnancy has a gestation of 38–42 weeks). One of the most common causes of visual loss in childhood and can lead to lifelong vision impairment and blindness. Usually develops in both eyes. Caused by disorganized growth of retinal blood vessels, resulting in scarring and retinal detachment.

17. http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/ResourceCentres/PrematureBabies/AboutPrematureBabies/OtherCo nditions/Pages/Retinopathy-of-Prematurity-ROP.aspx Severity described in Stages: Stages 1 & 2 do not lead to blindness, but can progress to the more severe stages. Stage 3 has a 50% likelihood of progressing to retinal detachment. Stage 4 is partial retinal detachment Stage 5 is total retinal detachment Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)

18. Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) or Abusive Head Trauma (AHT)  A severe form of head injury caused by violently shaking an infant or child. Associated Vision Problems – Partial or total blindness – Unequal pupil size – Inability to focus the eyes – Inability to track movement – Retinal hemorrhages

19. Other Problems: Damage to the spinal cord and neck Permanent brain damage Severe neurological consequences Life-threatening central nervous system dysfunction Fractures of the ribs, skull and bones. Decreased level of consciousness Difficulty staying awake Breathing problems Poor eating Pale or bluish skin Seizures Cerebral palsy Partial or total blindness Limp arms and legs or rigidity/posturing Learning disabilities Physical disabilities Hearing impairment Speech disabilities Behavior disorders Cognitive impairment Developmental delays Extreme irritability Paralysis Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) or Abusive Head Trauma (AHT)

20. Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS)

21. Spina Bifida Associated Visual Characteristics Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) Visual Field Loss Optic Atrophy Nystagmus Depth Perception problems Problems recognizing faces/places/items, etc. Strabismus Hydrocephalus can put pressure on the optic nerve Problems Hydrocephalus Syringomyelia Hip dislocation Loss of bladder or bowel control Partial or complete lack of sensation Partial or complete paralysis of the legs Weakness of the hips, legs, or feet of a newborn Abnormal feet or legs (such as a clubfoot)  “Cleft spine”; a neural tube birth defect in which the backbone and spinal canal do not close before birth  Incomplete closure of the spine

22. Traumatic Brain Injury Blurry or double vision (diplopia) Anxiety, nervousness Behavioral changes: difficulty controlling urges (disinhibition) impulsiveness inappropriate laughter irritability Depression Difficulty concentrating or thinking Difficulty finding words or understanding the speech of others (aphasia) Slurred and/or slowed speech Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) Dizziness, lightheadedness

23. Traumatic Brain Injury cont’d Headaches Difficulty in coordination of movements Loss of balance; difficulty walking or sitting Loss of memory Muscle stiffness and/or spasms Seizures Sleep difficulties (more or less sleep than pre- injury) Tingling, numbness, pain, or other sensations Sense of spinning (vertigo) Weakness in one or more limbs, facial muscles, or on an entire side of the body

24. Common Causes of TBI  Motor vehicle, bicycle, or vehicle- pedestrian mishaps (more than 50%)  Falls (approximately 25%)  Violence (nearly 20%)  About 3% of injuries are the result of sport injuries  Shaken Baby Syndrome is a form of TBI

25. Usher Syndrome Inherited. The most common condition that affects both hearing and vision. Progressive hearing & vision loss. Retinitis Pigmentosa, or RP night-blindness peripheral vision loss tunnel vision Hearing loss Severe balance problems. Other problems: Delayed language skills Delayed motor skills

26. Usher Syndrome The optic nerve (arrow) looks very pale, the vessels (stars) are very thin, and there is characteristic pigment, called bone spicules (double arrows).