1. NETA PowerPoint Presentations to accompany The Future of Business Fourth Edition Adapted by Norm Althouse, University of Calgary Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.

2. Motivating Employees Chapter 11 Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.Chapter 11

3. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. Making the Connection

4. Learning Outcomes 1. Explain the basic principles of Frederick Taylor’s concept of scientific management. 2. Summarize what Elton Mayo’s Hawthorne studies revealed about worker motivation. 3. Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Clayton Alderfer’s ERG theory of motivation, and how these needs relate to employee motivation. 4. Identify how McGregor’s Theories X and Y and Ouchi’s Theory Z are used to explain worker motivation. 5. Explain the basic components of Herzberg’s motivator- hygiene theory. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.4

5. Learning Outcomes (cont’d) 6. Describe how three contemporary theories of employee motivation offer insights into improving employee performance. 7. Discuss how managers can redesign existing jobs to increase employee motivation and performance. 8. List some of the initiatives organizations are using today to motivate and retain employees. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.5

6. Exhibit 11.1: Model of Motivation Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.6

7. Explain the basic principles of Frederick Taylor’s concept of scientific management. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.7

8. Scientific Management Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.8 Develop a scientific approach for each element of a person’s job. Scientifically select, train, and develop workers. Encourage cooperation between workers and managers. Divide work and responsibility according to who is better suited to each task.

9. Summarize what Elton Mayo’s Hawthorne studies revealed about worker motivation. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.9

10. Hawthorne Studies Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.10 The phenomenon that employees perform better when they feel singled out for attention or feel that management is concerned about their welfare. Hawthorne Effect

11. Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Alderfer’s ERG theory of motivation, and how these needs relate to employee motivation. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.11

12. Exhibit 11.2: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.12

13. Exhibit 11.3: Alderfer’s ERG Theory Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.13

14. Identify how McGregor’s Theories X and Y and Ouchi’s Theory Z are used to explain worker motivation. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.14

15. McGregor’s Theories X and Y Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.15 Theory X (pessimistic view) The average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible. People must be controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment. The average person prefers to be directed, avoids responsibility, is not ambitious, and wants security. Theory Y (optimistic view) Work is as natural as play or rest. Workers can be motivated by using positive incentives. The average person seeks out responsibility.

16. Ouchi’s Theory Z Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.16 Emphasizes: Long-tem employment Slow career development Moderate specialization Group decision making Individual responsibility Informal control over the employee Concern for workers

17. Explain the basic components of Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene theory. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.17

18. Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene Theory Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.18 Motivating Factors (job satisfiers) Hygiene Factors (job dissatisfiers) Intrinsic job elements lead to satisfaction. Extrinsic elements of the work environment. Exhibit 11.5: Herzberg’s Motivating and Hygiene Factors

19. Describe how three contemporary theories of employee motivation offer insights into improving employee performance. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.19

20. Contemporary Views on Motivation Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.20 Expectancy Theory Equity Theory Goal-Setting Theory © THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER/ZUMAPRESS.COM/GETSTOCK

21. Exhibit 11.6: How Expectation Can Lead to Motivation Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.21

22. Expectancy Theory Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.22 Motivating Employees Determine the rewards valued by each employee. Determine the desired performance level. Make the performance level attainable. Link rewards to performance. Determine what factors might counteract the effectiveness of an award. Make sure the reward is adequate for the level of performance.

23. Equity Theory Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.23 Employees evaluate their outcomes in relation to their inputs and compare to one of the following:  Past experience in different position.  Past experience in different organization.  To another employee’s experiences.

24. Equity Theory (What Are the Choices?) Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.24 When There Is Inequity… Change work habits. Change job benefits and income. Distort their perceptions of self. Distort their perception of others. View situation from different perspective. Leave the situation.

25. Goal-Setting Theory Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.25

26. Discuss how managers can redesign existing jobs to increase employee motivation and performance. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.26

27. Exhibit 11.7: Reinforcing Behaviour Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.27 By introducing or removing consequences, managers can encourage functional behaviours or discourage dysfunctional behaviours.

28. Motivational Job Design Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.28 Options for Increasing Motivation Job Enlargement Job Enrichment Job Rotation

29. Work-Scheduling Options Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.29 Flextime Employees decide what their work hours will be. Job Sharing Allows two individuals to split the tasks and hours of a workweek. Telecommuting Employees work from home via a linked computer. Compressed Workweek Fitting 40 hours into a shorter workweek.

30. Incentives Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.30 Non-Monetary Incentives Recognition Empowerment Monetary Incentives Piece-Rate Plans Profit Sharing Gain Sharing Bonuses Stock Options

31. List some of the initiatives organizations are using today to motivate and retain employees. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.31

32. The Future of Motivation Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.32  Education and training.  Employee ownership.  Work-life benefits.  Nurturing knowledge workers.