1. + DNA and Protein Synthesis Chapter 5

2. + DNA – a molecule that stores your information ■ Amino acid chains make up a protein molecule.

3. + Facts ■ There are 20 different amino acids ■ Each composed of 3 nucleotides ■ They combine to make thousands of different proteins ■ DNA stores the info that enables cell to put together the correct sequence of amino acids!

4. + DNA ■ Doubled stranded spiral ■ Twisted Ladder ■ Four nucleotides in DNA: ■ Adenine (A) ■ Thymine (T) ■ Cytosine (C) ■ Guanine (G)

5. + 3 nucleotides = codon needed to make one of the 20 amino acids code ■ QUESTION: What amino acid does CAC code for? Some amino acids have multiple triplet codes: Ex: Val has → GUU GUC GUA GUG

6. + Start Codon: Stop Codons: ●AUG UAA, UAG, UGA ●Also codes for the amino acid Methionine

7. + Practice!

8. + A gene is… ■ The entire sequence of bases that codes for all the amino acids in a protein. ■ Each is made up of a sequence of bases at a particular location on the DNA

9. + DO NOW: Why do our bodies need proteins?

10. + Types of Proteins 1. Structural functions in support, examples: elastin, collagen, and keratin 2. Storage food source, examples: ovalbumin and casein 3. Transport moves other substances, examples: hemoglobin and cell membrane proteins 4. Hormonal coordinates bodily activities, example insulin 5. Contractile movement, examples: actin and myosin 6. Antibodies defense, examples: Ig.E, IgA, and Ig.G 7. Enzymes aid in chemical reactions, examples: amylase and proteases

11. + 3 Steps to making a Protein, known as the CENTRAL DOGMA 1. DNA Replication (DNA to DNA) 2. Transcription (DNA to RNA) 3. Translation (RNA to protein)

12. +

13. + DNA Replication Replication: Before a cell divides, all of the DNA is copied. ■ Process: ■ Two strands of DNA unwind (like twizzlers) ■ Nucleotides (A-T & G-C) pair up with each of the strands ■ Now there are two identical DNA molecules ■ Each molecule has a strand of old and new DNA

14. + Original DNA strand on each used as a template!

15. +

16. + Transcription (DNA to RNA) ■ When using DNA to make a protein, RNA (ribonucleic acid) carries the information from DNA to a ribosome (where a protein is formed) ■ 3 types of RNA used when making a protein: ■ Messenger RNA = mRNA ■ Ribosomal RNA = rRNA ■ Transfer RNA = tRNA

17. + Transcription STEPS: 1.The DNA molecule opens up along a gene 2.RNA nucleotides match up and join the open DNA strand 3.The completed RNA strand is released and moves to the cytoplasm. 1.Many copies of RNA can be made from that DNA strand 4.That DNA strand then closes up when transcription is done

18. + DNA vs. RNA Base Pairs ■ Adenine-Thymine ■ Cytosine-Guanine ■ Adenine-Uracil ■ Cytosine-Guanine DNARNA

19. + DNA to RNA Practice!

20. + Translation (RNA → PROTEIN!) ■ Takes place in the ribosome and cytoplasm 1. A ribosome attaches to an mRNA molecule at the beginning of a coding region (start codon) 2. tRNA matches up and joins the mRNA strand 3. As the ribosome moves along the mRNA strand, it attaches the amino acids to another. 4. tRNA leaves once it “drops off” the matching amino acid 5. Once the ribosome reaches the “stop codon”, the chain is complete and a protein is made!

21. +

24. + The Central Dogma - Video

25. + DO NOW: Name the steps of protein synthesis and the locations at which they occur. 1. location: 2.location: 3. location:

26. + Protein Synthesis Recap 1. DNA replication (DNA TO DNA TO DNA) 2. Transcription (DNA TO RNA) 3. Translation (RNA TO PROTEIN) WHY IS THIS SO IMPORTANT?