1. History of waste disposal

2. 2 J.H. Saling and A.W. Fentiman, “Radioactive Waste Management,” Second Edition, (Taylor & Francis, NY  London) 2002.

3. 3

4. Old Disposal Sites Open trenches No linings Very little processing No standards on containers NO QA/QC No records Liquids

5. Results Broken containers Collapsed containers Leaks

6. Regulatory agencies ICRP NCRP NRC DOT DOE EPA ANSI Agreement State

7. ICRP Publication 77- Radiation Protection Policy for Disposal of Radioactive Waste – Dose to the public from disposal of waste – Justification – Optimization – Collective dose

8. NCRP Publication 152- Performance Assessment of Near Surface Facilities for Disposal of Low-Level Radioactive Waste – Covers the scope of performance assessments – Conducting performance assessments – Components of performance assessment Cover performance Concrete barrier Flow and transport of surface and ground water Source terms Exposure pathways

9. NRC 10 CFR 20 Standards for Radiation Protection Regulates the use and licensing of radioactive material Does not regulate disposal of the material

10. DoT Regulates packaging of waste – Placards – Paperwork – Packages Type A Type B Casks

11. DoE Does not have to follow NRC and other agencies but does Responsible for all DoE generated wastes and well as civilian spent fuel Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA) 1982 Takes care of it s own waste Develops new waste disposal techniques

12. EPA Regulates standards for off site releases of radioactive materials NWPA states that EPA will promulgate applicable standards for the protection of the environment – Air – Water

13. ANSI Standards for any process that involves radioactive waste 55.1-1979 Solid radioactive waste Processing systems for Light Water-Cooled Reactors 55.4-1979 Gaseous radioactive waste Processing systems for Light Water-Cooled Reactors 55.6-1979 Liquid radioactive waste Processing systems for Light Water-Cooled Reactors

14. Agreement States Agreement between the NRC and State that the State will regulate their own material. Some material is not regulated by State Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act (1985) Made states responsible for waste disposal Compacts

15. Questions