1. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 North American Technical Center Public Radiation Safety Research Program REMP Study Jason T. Harris, M.S. Purdue University/NATC

2. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 Outline Introduction Public Dose Study Effluents REMP Conclusions Acknowledgements

3. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 Introduction NATC Research Activities  Liquid and gaseous effluents  BNL Collected and tabulated US NPP effluent data prior to 1994  1996 NATC asked to take over task (as independent scientific organization for UNSCEAR)  Since 1998, NATC has collected and performed research on effluent data from NRC and licensees (support of UNSCEAR, EPRI, NEI, ANI, licensees and universities)

4. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 Introduction NATC NPP Environmental and Public Health Work  In 2000, NATC program became known as the Public Radiation Safety Program  Goals include: development and maintenance of database for use by NPPs, regulatory bodies and scientific analysis Expanded trend analysis, benchmarking and discussion of effluent data Standardized entry form development for licensee use Establishment of effluent website for general use Establishment of an effluent expert group Modeling and “hot issue” analysis Now extended to rad waste and environmental monitoring

5. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 Introduction Data Compilation and Purpose  Ongoing Research Evaluate significance, if any, of NPP effluent/rad waste releases in terms of trends, dose commitments and benchmarking (emphasis on sister plant comparisons) Analysis of data from 1994- present

6. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 Public Dose Study Preliminary Research Statement  Perform a comprehensive public dose analysis of all nuclear power plant emissions (liquid, gaseous, and solid) over the last 10 years (1995-2004) using US NRC and UNSCEAR methodologies. Components:  “Closed-loop” analysis of NPP radioactive analyses  Trend analysis of effluents for the future, comparisons for future reactors, and siting  Sister-plant comparisons, effects of electricity generation and radwaste systems.  Effects of failed fuel, power up-rates, license extensions  REMP pathway assessments  Correlated results  Creation of new models

7. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 Public Dose Study Purpose of Research  Protection of public health and safety  Litigation protection, environmental pathway validity, trending, projected impact (license renewals, new NPP construction, power-uprates), public perception  Compliance with National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended and National Cancer Institute (1991 cancer study, JAMA - 3/21/91)  10 year study of all data for U.S. NRC, NSF (National Science Foundation), NPP utilities and UNSCEAR  ICRP 2005 Draft Recommendations (protection of non- human species)

8. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 Public Dose Study Data Collection  Annual Radioactive Effluent Release Reports (10 year period) All data collected for period of 1994-present (2005 in progress)  Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Reports (10 year period) Reports collected for period of 1994-present (2005 in progress)  Pre-operations environmental reports (Final Environmental Statements) In Progress Data Analysis (completion goal: winter 2006/2007)  Effluent and solid waste activities, electrical generation, collective dose All data analyzed for period of 1993-present  REMP data (pathways, doses, meteorological conditions) In progress  Statistics  Modeling (projected impact)

9. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 NATC U.S. Effluent Database Developed to satisfy needs of U.S. and international organizations  Format – U.S. NRC Reg. Guide 1.21 reports and UNSCEAR  Raw and un-normalized values (Ci and GBq) for individual units and sites (operating and shutdown)  Normalized values (activity vs. net electrical energy, not the best)  Collective effective dose calculated (UNSCEAR)

10. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes Volume I: SOURCES Publications

11. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 Liquid and Gaseous Activity Released from Pressurized Water Reactors: International Data (1980-2004) CEPN December 2005 Publications

12. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 Effluent Release Trends Important to evaluate release trends, especially as nuclear power generation steadily increases in the U.S. through relicensing, power uprates, and possible new construction Trends evaluated for un-normalized and normalized data (better reflect particular operating conditions and no skewed values, but public doesn’t care)

13. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 Effluent Impacts Although effluent releases are well below regulatory limits (1%) it is important to continually monitor and scrutinize your effluent release program  Effluent releases have a direct financial impact on nuclear liability insurance premiums via the ERF program. There is also an indirect financial impact. Performance information also plays an important part in the development of insurance risk profiles that support loss control strategies at each nuclear power plant facility.  As technology improves, MDAs will decrease and what may not have been there in the past, may now appear  Increased environmental findings at several operating and decommissioned plants  Public perception and confidence (Reputation!)

14. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 website.lineone.net/ ~jean.cheesman/Arooster2.jpg

15. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 Gaseous Tritium Trends

16. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 Liquid Tritium Trends

17. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 Dose Determination Dose determination performed to evaluate the human effects of effluents Currently NATC uses UNSCEAR effluent dose assessment model (for average trends)  Uses “representative” environmental conditions and population density  Collective effective dose per unit of electrical energy generated (normalized release divided by calculated collective doses per unit release – from dose pathway models)

18. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 Gaseous Tritium CED

19. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 Liquid Tritium CED

20. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 REMP Study Purpose  Validate effluent releases  Evaluate correlations (plant type, radwaste systems, etc.)  Track program changes  Evaluate pathway significance  Calculate general collective dose  10 years (1995-2004)

21. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 REMP Study Components  Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Reports  Summary Data Analysis Type and # of measurements  Direct radiation, air iodine/particulates, fish and inverts, milk, sediments, vegetation (broadleaf), water (drinking, surface, ground, well) Indicator location - mean, low and high Control location mean, low and high # of non-routine values

22. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 REMP Study Analysis  Statistics Regression analysis, ANOVA, ANCOVA SAS  Significance (if any) by plant type (PWR/BWR), sister plant, age, electrical generation, etc.  Comparison with effluents  “Overall” plant release balance (effluents/solid waste)  Public dose analysis  New model development (EPRI?)

23. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 REMP Study Conclusions  Next year’s workshop – complete results  Even over last 10 years, drastic cutback of REMP programs  Need greater emphasis on ground and well water monitoring (most non-routine results)  Very difficult to quantify/compare REMP w/ RETS Natural background, lld’s, etc.

24. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 Acknowledgements David W. Miller, Ph.D.  University of Illinois/NATC/AEP, Cook Nuclear Plant US NRC PDR Staff US NPP RETS-REMP staff Funding provided by NATC, NPP utilities, EPRI and DoE OCRWM Fellowship Program

25. 16 th Annual RETS-REMP Workshop Mashantucket, CT June 26-28, 2006 Questions? Thank You! jtharris@purdue.edu, jastharris@aol.com